Significant Events of 2020

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Questions and Answers

What was the news event in the year 2020 that ignited protests for racial justice around the world?

  • The worst economic downturn since the Great Depression
  • The COVID-19 pandemic
  • The bombing of Pearl Harbor
  • The death of George Floyd (correct)

What historical event did media outlets compare 2020 to in terms of global pandemic?

  • The Great Depression
  • The attack on Pearl Harbor
  • The 1918 global pandemic (correct)
  • The Black Death

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a significant news event of 2020?

  • The Presidential election
  • A National Political Climate
  • Social Justice Protests
  • The COVID-19 pandemic
  • The Great Depression (correct)

What was one of the major challenges people faced even before the significant events of 2020 occurred?

<p>Information Overload (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main historical comparison used to put the pandemic of 2020 into perspective?

<p>The 1918 global pandemic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary argument of the text?

<p>The year 2020 was the most tumultuous and significant year in recent history. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did media outlets attempt to help people understand the significance of 2020?

<p>By comparing the year to previous historical events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a comparison used by media outlets to illustrate the significance of 2020?

<p>The assassination of President John F. Kennedy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major factor propelled the shift towards the electronic era of mass communication?

<p>The introduction of new media technologies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what decade did the electronic era's dominant medium, television, become widely established?

<p>1950s (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these was NOT a key contribution of the telegraph to communication?

<p>Replacing print media as the primary source of information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technological development marked the start of the digital era?

<p>The invention of the transistor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of digital communication?

<p>The conversion of information into binary code (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the rise of corporate control impact the electronic era?

<p>It centralized control of media in the hands of a few organizations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'mass nation' concept, as described in the text?

<p>A society with a homogenous culture due to mass media influence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What era of mass communication is characterized by the rise of Google, Facebook, and Amazon?

<p>The digital era (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the electronic era and the digital era?

<p>The format of information (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the digital era?

<p>The rise of print journalism as the primary source of news (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did television news programs impact the understanding of the Vietnam War?

<p>They brought the horrors of the war directly into people's homes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a major change brought about by the digital era?

<p>The rise of corporate control of media (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the telegraph impact the flow of information?

<p>It made communication faster and more efficient, extending its reach across long distances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in the 1970s, related to television viewing?

<p>The dominance of three major television networks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following technological advancements are directly attributed to the development of the telegraph?

<p>The development of radio broadcasting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the convergence of visual, aural, and electronic technology have on society?

<p>It revolutionized how people understood themselves, others, and the world around them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary shift that marks the beginning of a new communication era?

<p>A new form of communication completely replacing an older form. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary way communities preserved their knowledge in the oral era?

<p>Through the memories of community members. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did some philosophers in ancient Greece fear the emergence of written communication?

<p>They worried it would weaken people's memories and critical thinking skills. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the centralization of power in the Catholic Church during the written era?

<p>The Church's control over the production and distribution of manuscripts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press introduce?

<p>The shift from handwritten manuscripts to mass-produced printed materials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the printing press impact the cost of books?

<p>It led to a significant decrease in the cost of books, making them accessible to a wider audience. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable example of the impact of the printing press on social change in Europe?

<p>The Protestant Reformation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the printing press contribute to the rise of literacy in the United States?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the rise of individualism in the print era?

<p>People became less reliant on community and authority figures for information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major historical event is considered to have had a profound impact on life in Europe and the United States in the 19th century?

<p>The Industrial Revolution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the transition between communication eras is TRUE?

<p>Transitions between communication eras are gradual processes that can take decades or even centuries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern that arises with the introduction of new communication technologies, as discussed in the text?

<p>The potential for new technologies to undermine the quality of public discourse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that contributed to the rise of a middle class business community in the print era?

<p>The increased access to information and ideas through printed materials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the print era?

<p>The dominance of oral traditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary catalyst for the rise of a new era of communication?

<p>The invention of a new communication technology. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential negative consequence of the shift from oral to written communication, as discussed in the text?

<p>The potential for the loss of traditional folklore and storytelling. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary role do students typically play while using course management sites like Canvas or Blackboard?

<p>Media Consumer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of smartphones on media consumption?

<p>They serve as a central hub for various media and communication tools. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted consequence of media multitasking according to critics?

<p>Decreased attention to immediate surroundings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which role reflects the interactions a person can have with media beyond consumption?

<p>Media Citizen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of course management systems like Canvas or Blackboard besides communication?

<p>To organize students' schedules and deadlines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the media environment allows for new forms of community interaction?

<p>Live tweeting during media events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do smartphones contribute to modern society's navigation of the media environment?

<p>By consolidating multiple functions and tools in one device (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of the digital ecosystem mentioned in the content?

<p>It involves tools that manage interactions with the world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it increasingly difficult to analyze media texts in today's environment?

<p>The familiarity with media becomes an obstacle to analysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a tool typically found on smartphones?

<p>Pencil and paper (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term best describes the emerging challenges of combining media experiences?

<p>Cognitive overload (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of thinking broadly about the term media in the digital era?

<p>It allows for a better understanding of diverse interactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do critics view the effect of media multitasking on students’ homework habits?

<p>It promotes distraction and shallow engagement with tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which role allows individuals to create and share media content with large audiences?

<p>Media Producer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common goal among social media influencers?

<p>To get sponsorships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to acknowledge historical decisions in media?

<p>They help recognize media influences on present circumstances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can create tension between the roles of media producer and media citizen?

<p>Aligning personal values with sponsorship opportunities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the linear model of mass communication is true?

<p>It simplifies the flow of messages and filters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do gatekeepers play in the linear model of mass communication?

<p>They filter and decide which messages are produced. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might historical perspectives influence present-day media consumption?

<p>They help recognize that current norms are not inevitable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a responsibility of media citizens in a democratic society?

<p>Participating in civic life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can media producers benefit from their experiences as media consumers?

<p>They can create content that resonates with audience expectations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implication arises from the porous boundary between amateur and professional media producers?

<p>Both types of producers can impact mainstream media. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which challenge is faced by professional media producers regarding their values?

<p>They may work on projects that conflict with their personal values. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation of the linear model of communication?

<p>It simplifies complex interactions within media consumption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of media consumption can cause feelings of guilt for consumers?

<p>Sharing content that polarizes societal beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental aspect of citizenship is often influenced by media?

<p>Understanding and participating in public discourse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cultural approach to media communication primarily concerned with?

<p>Analyzing the connections between media elements and cultural context (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of the cultural approach framework?

<p>Profit margins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the Black Panther film is primarily studied in relation to media texts?

<p>The narrative and formal features of the film (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a cultural approach to media communication view technologies?

<p>As instruments that can both shape and be shaped by culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What responsibility does Black Panther explore according to its central theme?

<p>The responsibility to resist injustice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element does the cultural approach identify as providing a framework for analyzing media?

<p>The interconnections among texts, technologies, industries, users, and cultural context (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the director and writer's background play in Black Panther's production?

<p>They shape the film's narrative and representation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the cultural approach, what can be said about media technologies?

<p>They are shaped by cultural norms and industry priorities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'media texts'?

<p>Any medium that conveys meaning or communicates information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technological innovation notably influenced the rise of TikTok videos?

<p>Smartphones enabling video sharing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'formal features' refer to in the context of media texts like films?

<p>The aesthetic elements that shape audience interpretation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the cultural approach promote in analyzing media?

<p>It encourages a consideration of the broader cultural implications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique aspect does Black Panther highlight through its production?

<p>It has an all-black main cast and creative team (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of Black Panther would be analyzed to understand its impact on viewers?

<p>The combination of narrative, character portrayal, and cultural representation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What broader understanding does the term 'politics' imply in relation to media and culture?

<p>The distribution of power and resources in society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do media representations affect societal attitudes?

<p>They can reflect and shape attitudes of consumers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following questions is crucial for analyzing media representations?

<p>Who is featured prominently and who is excluded? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does culture play in the political process?

<p>Culture provides a context for establishing societal values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of storytelling in media?

<p>To shape contextual understanding of events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential consequences arise from inadequate media representation?

<p>Development of stereotypes and prejudices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates the impact of narratives in media?

<p>Telling stories of individual experiences during a crisis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do media institutions function within society?

<p>They engage in the storytelling business. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in scrutinizing media texts?

<p>Understanding their cultural and ethical implications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the representation of diversity in media, such as in 'Never Have I Ever,' suggest?

<p>It reflects a more inclusive understanding of cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a political consequence when media narratives consistently portray certain groups in specific roles?

<p>It can create societal norms and expectations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does media literacy require of consumers?

<p>To engage critically with media content. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What central concept do narratives provide for understanding life experiences?

<p>They construct meaning and frameworks for interpretation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the financial and technological resources of Disney have on Black Panther's production?

<p>It enabled the marketing of the film to a broader audience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was Black Panther considered a risky project for Disney?

<p>Due to the perception that black leads wouldn't attract enough viewers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do media users interpret texts based on their personal experiences?

<p>Their interpretations are influenced by their cultural backgrounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did social media play in relation to Black Panther?

<p>It significantly increased the film's popularity and discussions about it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cultural model of media consumption and production emphasize?

<p>The decentralized and interactive nature of media engagement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor in Disney's decision to produce Black Panther?

<p>The success of the Avengers franchise as a platform for introducing new characters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does culture influence media industries and texts?

<p>Culture shapes the expectations and reception of media products. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context was Black Panther created, according to the cultural approach?

<p>An era influenced by significant political events and cultural movements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can we infer about how Black Panther's success might affect future films?

<p>It may encourage more films featuring characters of diverse backgrounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way the comic book industry served Disney in evaluating potential film projects?

<p>By showcasing popular characters and storylines before film proposals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did media users respond to their experiences with Black Panther?

<p>They actively engaged and created discussions around it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception about media users does the cultural model address?

<p>That all media consumers hold identical interpretations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a challenge Disney faced regarding audience perceptions of Black Panther?

<p>Audience beliefs that the film would not be well-received. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shifts in broader social values may have influenced Disney's decision to produce Black Panther?

<p>An increased demand for racial diversity and representation in media. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events in 2020 is NOT mentioned in the text as having a significant impact on American society?

<p>The 2020 presidential election (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did many Americans turn to in 2020 to cope with the onslaught of events?

<p>Movies and books (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a significant piece of media content that gained widespread attention in 2020?

<p>The &quot;Tiger King&quot; documentary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that media can serve two contrasting roles. What are these roles?

<p>Understanding and misrepresenting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text argues that media plays a crucial role in shaping what two aspects of society?

<p>Culture and Democracy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key concept explored in the text that helps us analyze media critically?

<p>Media Literacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the text's primary suggestion for how to better understand the impact of media on our lives?

<p>By engaging in the critical process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point emphasized by the text regarding the media's coverage of events in 2020?

<p>The media provides valuable insight into the complexities of events. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the critical process for media analysis?

<p>To become a more informed and critical consumer of media. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of the critical process, as outlined in the text?

<p>Regulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of exploring the relationship between media and culture, according to the text?

<p>To understand how media shapes our values and beliefs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary takeaway from the text regarding the evolution of communication?

<p>Technological advancements have fundamentally changed how we communicate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text mentions several examples of media content that resonated with people during 2020. What is a common thread that connects these examples?

<p>They reflected the anxieties and fears of the time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the author's overall viewpoint on the role of media in society?

<p>Media has a powerful impact on shaping our culture and democracy, but it is important to be critical consumers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the text, as indicated by the author's use of examples and arguments?

<p>To encourage readers to think critically about media and its impact on society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average hourly wage for meatpacking workers as mentioned?

<p>$14.96 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the work environment for meatpacking workers?

<p>Wet and slippery with extreme temperature variations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did COVID-19 affect the work conditions in meatpacking plants?

<p>Conditions became more dangerous due to inadequate safety measures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the coronavirus outbreak at the Tyson plant?

<p>An increase in worker protests and calls for plant closure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic significantly contributes to the workforce at the Tyson plant?

<p>Immigrant workers from various backgrounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary reasons Iowa's governor refused to close the Tyson plant during the pandemic?

<p>It would lead to the euthanization of many hogs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many news stories were reported about meatpacking workers in April 2020?

<p>612 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the meatpacking industry has generally been underreported?

<p>The difficult working conditions and worker safety concerns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the shift in media coverage about meatpacking during the COVID-19 pandemic?

<p>There was an increase in stories highlighting worker plight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way the community responded to the conditions at the Tyson plant?

<p>They expressed their concerns and called for the plant to close. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant factor contributed to the diversification of the workforce at the meatpacking plants?

<p>Immigration from various countries and regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common school demographic was mentioned regarding Waterloo schools?

<p>Students speak over 45 different languages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the inspections reveal about the condition of the Tyson plant during the pandemic?

<p>Safety measures were inadequate and poorly enforced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did local journalists play during the crisis at the Tyson plant?

<p>They amplified the voices of the workers and reported on conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the 'niche nation' described in the context?

<p>A society where media consumption creates a diverse range of interests and subcultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the emergence of digital communication alter the ways people engage with media products?

<p>Digital communication provides greater flexibility and accessibility to media content. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the shift from a 'mass nation' to a 'niche nation' in media consumption?

<p>The rise of new technologies that allow people to customize their media consumption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor contributing to a more individualized media experience in the digital era?

<p>The widespread use of pull technologies like DVRs and streaming services. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do digital technologies contribute to a participatory culture?

<p>They empower individuals to produce and share their own media content. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "convergence" refer to in the context of media in the digital era?

<p>The consolidation of all media into a single format, accessible through any device. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant change in media consumption practices from the pre-digital era to the digital era?

<p>A shift from scheduled viewing to on-demand viewing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the media landscape in the digital era, as described in the context?

<p>An increasing fragmentation of media consumption patterns and preferences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the rise of digital technologies blurred the line between media producers and consumers?

<p>By empowering individuals to create and share their own media content. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of the digital transition on the relationship between individuals and the media?

<p>An increase in individuals' autonomy and agency in their media consumption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the growing influence of algorithms in media consumption?

<p>To personalize media recommendations and cater to individual preferences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of the transition to a 'niche nation' in media consumption?

<p>An increase in the potential for echo chambers and filter bubbles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'pull technologies' as described in the context?

<p>Technologies that allow users to access content at their own convenience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the digital era is MOST closely related to the concept of a 'participatory culture'?

<p>The ability of individuals to create and share their own media content. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of a household creating separate streaming accounts illustrate?

<p>The increasing personalization of media consumption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's main point about the media culture in the digital era?

<p>Digital media has created a more fragmented media landscape with specialized niches and subcultures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary argument concerning the relationship between media products and a society's values?

<p>The media products reflect a society's values, but they can also challenge and influence those values. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between media consumption in the past and today?

<p>Today, people have access to a broader range of content tailored to specific interests. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of the image from the movie "Parasite" suggest about cultural values?

<p>It explores the complexities of class differences and how they are portrayed in cultural products. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern raised by the text regarding the fragmentation of media?

<p>The rise of niche media may lead to societal polarization and difficulty solving problems collectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the digital era influence our perception of media?

<p>The digital era has led to a blurring of the lines between mass media and personal communication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 'affordances' in relation to media technologies?

<p>The features or capabilities of a technology that help determine its use. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates how the distinction between mass communication and interpersonal communication is becoming blurred?

<p>A wedding proposal flash mob video posted on YouTube for public viewing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of a fragmented media landscape?

<p>Strengthening of shared social values and consensus narratives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the "Digital Era" in the historical development of media and communication?

<p>The rise of computer technology and the Internet, creating a more complex media environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is a primary function of the media environment from a corporate perspective?

<p>To gather and analyze data about users. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of "mass personal communication" signify?

<p>Communication methods that are both public and private, combining elements of mass and interpersonal communication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text refers to "digital air cultures" - what is meant by this term?

<p>The emergence of new cultural practices driven by digital technologies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT an example of a media product that conveys a society's values?

<p>A scientific research paper. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of digital media does the text focus on as a contributing factor to media fragmentation?

<p>The increasing use of algorithms to personalize content delivery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text mentions "niche cultures" - what does this term refer to?

<p>Cultural groups formed online based on common interests and identities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the statement that culture is a "political process"?

<p>Culture is a platform where competing values and ideas struggle for dominance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of a platform that enables participatory culture?

<p>Netflix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the American ideal of "rugged individualism" manifest in media products?

<p>Through the depiction of heroic individuals who overcome adversity through their own strength and skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main takeaway from the discussion of the historical development of media and communication?

<p>The evolution of media technologies has significantly altered how people communicate with one another and share information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is a potential consequence of consuming media that reinforces pre-existing differences?

<p>Difficulty in reaching consensus and solving collective problems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is the challenge for maintaining a healthy democratic system in a fragmented media environment?

<p>Finding ways to foster shared experiences and narratives despite growing differences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of "mass personal communication"?

<p>It can blur the distinction between public and private spheres, potentially impacting privacy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples BEST illustrates the concept of media as an "environment"?

<p>A social media platform connecting people with common interests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can understanding media technologies be helpful?

<p>It allows us to critically examine how our lives and society are influenced by these technologies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of culture as defined in the text?

<p>The economic production and distribution of goods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text argues that media is not just a channel of communication but a habitat – what does this mean?

<p>Media shapes our understanding of the world and influences our perceptions and behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central argument about the role of culture in a society?

<p>Culture is a dynamic process that both shapes and is shaped by a society's values. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is a major function of social media platforms like Facebook?

<p>To gather data about users and their online behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a societal value reflected in the American ideal "rugged individualism"?

<p>The individual's ability to overcome challenges through self-reliance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument made by the text?

<p>The fragmentation of the media landscape has both positive and negative consequences for society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

George Floyd Incident

A May 2020 event where a police officer killed George Floyd, leading to global protests for racial justice.

Information Overload

The overwhelming feeling from the high volume and speed of news and information.

COVID-19 Pandemic

A global health crisis that emerged in 2020, affecting economies and lifestyles worldwide.

Cultural Protest Movements

Social movements that arise in response to injustices, including racial and economic issues.

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Historical Perspective in Media

Understanding current events by comparing them to significant moments in history.

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Pandemic Comparisons

Media's attempts to relate the COVID-19 pandemic to historic events like the 1918 pandemic.

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Political Climate of 2020

A divisive atmosphere in the U.S. marked by protests and a controversial election.

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Media Literacy

The ability to analyze and evaluate media content critically.

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Black Lives Matter

A social movement advocating for racial justice and against police brutality.

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George Floyd

A black man whose death sparked worldwide protests for racial justice.

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2020 protests

Mass demonstrations motivated by social justice causes like racial equality.

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Pandemic media interest

Increased attention to films and books related to epidemics during COVID-19.

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Digital revolution

The change brought by digital technology to media and communication.

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Critical process

Steps to analyze and think critically about media.

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Cultural impact of media

How media shapes societal values, norms, and discussions.

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Social media memes

Viral content that reflects societal moods or events through humor or commentary.

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Iowa caucus meltdown

Disorganized presidential nominating process in Iowa during 2020.

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1619 Project

A New York Times initiative exploring the history of slavery in America.

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Television representation

How TV portrays different groups and issues in society.

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Escapism media

Content consumed to avoid reality, often through entertainment.

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Record ballot count

Unprecedented number of ballots counted in the 2020 US presidential election.

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Celebrity-driven content

Media focused predominantly on celebrities and sensationalism.

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Culture

The ways people live and represent themselves in society.

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Symbol Systems

Systems we use to communicate meaning, like language and signs.

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Media Products

Cultural products delivered to audiences by media industries.

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Cultural Values

Beliefs and ideals that a society holds important.

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Historical Development of Media

Evolution of communication from oral to digital formats.

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Oral Era

The time when communication was done verbally within communities.

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Print Era

The period marked by mass communication through printed materials.

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Electronic Era

The stage characterized by mass media like radio and television.

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Digital Era

The current stage dominated by the Internet and digital technologies.

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Mass Communication

One-to-many communication reaching large audiences.

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Interpersonal Communication

One-to-one, personal communication often outside media industries.

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Mass Personal Communication

Communication blending aspects of mass and interpersonal formats.

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Affordances of Technology

The features of technology that influence its use and communication.

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Media Technologies

Tools that shape how society communicates and gathers information.

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Cultural Expression

Forms and systems used to articulate values and meanings.

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Urbanization in 1920s

The shift of more than 50% of people to urban areas for jobs.

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Telegraph

An early electronic communication device that sent messages over wires.

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Instantaneous Communication

Communication made near-instantaneous by the telegraph, unbound by transport methods.

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News as a Commodity

Transition of news becoming something that can be bought and sold.

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Transatlantic Cable

A communication cable installed in the 1860s connecting continents.

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Wireless Telephony

Radio broadcasting, originally known as wireless telegraphy.

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Television in the 1950s

The dominant medium that changed how people perceived events and news.

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Corporate Control of Media

Media communication systems dominated by large corporations requiring massive resources.

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Mass Nation

A society where large portions share common media experiences and narratives.

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Consensus Narratives

Stories promoted by mass media that reflect societal values and assumptions.

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Transistor

A key device from the 1940s enabling the digital conversion of information.

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Home Computer Ownership

The rise in personal computers in homes during the 1980s.

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Internet Accessibility

The expansion of the internet to more people in the 1990s.

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Digital Broadcasting Transition

Completion of the switch to all-digital TV broadcasting in 2009.

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Written Era

The period when written communication began to dominate, allowing for the recording of knowledge.

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Transition from Oral to Written

A complex shift where oral traditions were gradually overshadowed by written culture.

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Power of Communication

Those controlling communication methods can wield significant political influence.

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Gutenberg's Printing Press

Invented in the 15th century, revolutionized the production of books with movable type.

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Impact of the Printing Press

Allowed rapid dissemination of ideas, challenging traditional authorities and promoting reform.

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Resistance to Authority

Emergence of printed materials that countered established governance and religious dogma.

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Spread of Literacy

Increased access to printed materials led to higher literacy rates, especially among the working class.

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Compulsory Education

Mandatory schooling that developed alongside the increase in printed literature.

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Focus on Individualism

The shift towards valuing individual thought over community consensus sparked by print media.

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Cultural Role of Elders

In oral societies, storytellers and knowledgeable elders held significant cultural importance.

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Technological Unsettling

New communication technologies that disrupt established social norms and power structures.

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Middle Class Growth

Emergence of a business community which was facilitated by widespread access to printed knowledge.

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Shifts in Social Power

Changes in communication can alter how power and authority are distributed in society.

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Participatory Culture

A cultural environment where individuals can create and share media content.

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Content Producer

Individuals or groups who create and publish media content.

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Fragmented Media Landscape

A media environment with diverse content catering to niche interests.

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Niche Cultures

Subcultures that form around specific interests or tastes within media.

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Democratic Media Culture

A media environment with many perspectives and voices, potentially leading to more democratic discussions.

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Algorithmic Sorting

The process by which platforms curate content based on individual preferences.

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Online Ecosystem

The interconnected environment created by digital platforms for users to interact and share.

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Media as Environment

Understanding media not just as communication channels but as habitats for human interaction.

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Data Gathering in Media

The practice of collecting user information for various purposes by media companies.

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Cultural Values and Media

The relationship between media products and the societal values they reinforce or challenge.

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Digital Interactivity

The ability for users to engage with media in active, participatory ways.

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Tailored Content

Media that is specifically designed to meet individual preferences or interests.

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Ecosystem of Media

The complex web of interactions and relationships within digital media platforms.

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Digital Communication

The method of exchanging information using digital technology, which has altered media consumption.

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Media Convergence

The merging of distinct media formats into a single digital format accessible via one device.

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Encoding

The process of converting information into a particular format for transmission or storage.

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Decoding

The process of interpreting encoded information back into a format that can be understood.

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Niche Nation

A society where individuals engage with a diverse where media landscapes, often connecting with specific subcultures.

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Pull Technologies

Technological methods that allow users to access content at their convenience.

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Digital Content Manipulation

The ability to modify digital media easily for sharing and distribution.

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Streaming Services

Platforms that allow users to watch or listen to media online, on-demand.

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Incompatible Media Formats

Different media technologies that cannot work together before the digital transition.

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Shared Viewing Rituals

Common practices where people watch the same media at the same time, creating a collective experience.

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Individualized Media Experiences

Unique media consumption patterns that cater to personal preferences rather than group viewing.

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Information Revolution

The major shift in how information is created, shared, and consumed due to digital communication.

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Cultural Disconnect

The phenomenon where digital consumption connects us to some while distancing us from others.

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Social Media Recommendations

Suggestions for content based on friends’ input or algorithms from past viewing history.

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Amateur vs. Professional Producers

Difference between casual content creators and those with formal roles.

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Media Citizenship

Being a member of society actively participating in media-related activities.

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Linear Model of Mass Communication

A model explaining mass communication as a straightforward process.

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Gatekeepers

Individuals or entities that filter messages before they reach audiences.

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Feedback in Communication

Responses from audiences back to producers or senders.

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Influence of Media on Society

Media shapes societal values and norms through its content.

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Tensions in Media Roles

Conflicts arising from different roles in society, like producer and citizen.

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Media Consumption

The act of engaging with various media types as a consumer.

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Social Media Influencers

Individuals who create content to gain followers and may seek sponsorships.

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Civic Participation

Engaging in activities meant to improve and participate in community life.

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Media Production Challenges

Difficulties faced by producers when aligning projects with personal values.

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Media Regulation

Rules and guidelines governing media content and production.

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Cultural Reflection in Media

How media represents and reflects societal beliefs and issues.

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Media Industries

Organizations that develop, produce, and distribute media content.

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Black Panther's Success

The film was a major blockbuster, shifting industry perspectives on black-led films.

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Cultural Model of Media Users

Users actively interpret media based on their personal identities and experiences.

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Media Users

Individuals who both consume and produce media content.

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Interpretation Variation

Different backgrounds influence how people interpret the same media text.

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Corporate Culture's Influence

The internal values and priorities of a company shape media products.

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Social Media's Impact

Platforms like Twitter allowed massive user engagement during events like Black Panther.

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Cultural Context

The social, political, and economic factors that shape media production and consumption.

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Character Source

Black Panther's origin in comic books influenced its film development.

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Risk Assessment in Film

Studios assess the potential financial risks of films featuring diverse leads.

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Digital Tools for Media Production

Users create and share content easily through digital platforms.

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Active Interpretation

Media consumers don't passively digest; they engage with texts meaningfully.

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Cultural Shifts in Media

Changing values affect how media is produced and consumed over time.

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Marvel's Strategic Use of Comics

Comics are used by Marvel to gauge character popularity before movies.

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Global Audience Consideration

Producing media involves recognizing the importance of international viewers.

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Cultural Approach

A method analyzing media that considers complex cultural conditions beyond the linear model.

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Media Texts

Anything that conveys meaning, including films, TV shows, and ads.

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Formal Features

Elements of a media text that shape how it's experienced and interpreted.

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Black Panther's Narrative

The story of a superhero and the theme of challenging injustice.

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Technological Determinism

The view that technology shapes society independently of cultural factors.

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Interconnectivity in Media

The ways different elements of media influence each other.

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Wakanda as Cultural Expression

A fictional place that reflects diverse African cultural styles in Black Panther.

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Influence of Media Technologies

How tools like special effects and devices affect viewer experience.

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Role of Gatekeepers

Individuals or groups that control the distribution of media content.

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Complex Media Relationships

The intricate connections between media elements and cultural impacts.

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Black Panther's Cultural Significance

A film that presents themes of cultural identity and social justice.

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Active Reception

How audiences engage with and interpret media texts actively.

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Emergence of TikTok

A social media platform that grew due to smartphones and video sharing culture.

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Mediated Experiences

Interactions shaped by media, broadening media studies beyond mass communications.

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Course Management Sites

Online platforms like Canvas and Blackboard for coursework and communication.

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Smartphones

Devices serving as primary hubs for media consumption and communication.

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Digital Ecosystem

A complex network of digital tools and media experiences we engage with.

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Media Multitasking

Simultaneously engaging with multiple media formats, often while doing other tasks.

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Media Roles

The three roles individuals play: consumer, producer, and citizen.

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Media Citizen

An active participant in media culture, understanding media's influence.

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Virtual Reality

Immersive media experience simulating real or imagined environments.

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New Media Engagement

Modern ways in which audiences interact with and engage with media.

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Cultural Reflection

Media's role in mirroring and shaping societal values and norms.

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Critical Media Literacy

The ability to analyze, evaluate, and understand media content consciously.

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Media Representation

The way media portrays groups, events, and realities, affecting perception.

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Cultural Politics

The activities through which culture influences power distribution in society.

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Narrative in Media

Storytelling that frames events to shape public perception and values.

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Stereotypes

Oversimplified and widely held ideas of groups, often perpetuated by media.

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Media Ethics

Standards governing the responsible creation and portrayal of media content.

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Political Consequences of Media

The influence of media portrayals on public opinion and power dynamics.

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Visibility in Media

The presence or absence of certain groups in media narratives, affecting representation.

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Power Dynamics in Media

How control over media content reflects and reinforces social hierarchies.

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Dominant Narratives

Mainstream stories that reflect and reinforce societal norms and power structures.

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Diversity in Media

The inclusion of varied perspectives and representations in media content.

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Storytelling Business

The media's role in creating narratives that shape public understanding and culture.

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Ethical Implications

The moral responsibilities tied to how media produces and shares information.

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Agenda Setting

The media's influence in shaping public discourse and priorities.

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Gatekeeping

The process by which information is filtered for dissemination.

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Diversity in Meatpacking

Various immigrant groups working in meatpacking plants, impacting local culture.

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COVID-19 Impact on Work

COVID-19 highlighted class divisions between remote and essential workers.

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Plant Closures During COVID-19

Tyson plant faced closure due to sickness and safety concerns in 2020.

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Invisible Workforce

Meatpackers often overlooked in mainstream media despite their impact.

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Media Attention Surge

Significant increase in news stories about meatpacking during COVID-19.

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Social Distancing Violations

Failure to implement safety measures in the Tyson plant during COVID-19.

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Community Voices in Media

Local media began to cover workers' experiences during the pandemic.

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COVID-19 in Meatpacking

High infection rates among workers highlighted in news reports.

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Job Role in Meatpacking

Meatpacking jobs often involve hard labor in challenging conditions.

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Impact of Tyson Foods

Tyson Foods processed 461,000 hogs weekly, supporting the economy and jobs.

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Economic Contribution of Meatpacking

The meatpacking industry generates significant economic activity in the US.

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Essential Worker Definition

Workers who are critical to the functioning of society, especially during crises.

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Racial and Economic Injustice in COVID-19

Essential workers, often from marginalized communities, faced heightened risks.

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Study Notes

Foreign Media, Culture, and Communication: A Critical Approach

  • 2020 as a Seismic Year: 2020 was a pivotal year marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, a severe economic downturn, global social justice protests, a highly polarized political climate, and a contentious presidential election.
  • Information Overload: Prior to 2020, Americans already experienced information overload. A Gallup poll revealed widespread anxiety and overwhelm regarding the volume and speed of news.
  • Historical Comparisons: Media outlets attempted to put 2020 in context by comparing it to other significant historical events (1918 pandemic, Great Depression, previous racial justice movements, the Black Death).
  • Other Significant 2020 Events: Included the Australian and Western US wildfires, the impeachment and acquittal of President Trump, the death of Kobe Bryant, Brexit, the Iowa caucuses, and a record-breaking US presidential election count.
  • Public Reactions: Americans responded to the year 2020 with a mix of dread, panic buying, escapism (through entertainment), activism (protests & social media), and increased media communication.
  • Media as a Coping Mechanism: People turned to social media for dark humor (e.g., memes) and inspirational content (like Avenue B's "F2020" song on TikTok).
  • George Floyd's Murder: Darnella Frazier's video of George Floyd's death ignited widespread protests and served as powerful viral media content.
  • Cultural Impact and Engagement: The pandemic spurred renewed interest in movies like "Contagion" and books like Ibram X. Kendi's "How to be an Antiracist," highlighting the issues of race and justice.
  • Media and Political Issues: The media, particularly TV and social media, sometimes mishandled complex issues and often focused on trivial, celebrity-driven content.
  • Media and Culture: Media helps shape and reflect a society's culture by providing shared values and through narratives embedded in entertainment.

Key Concepts and Critical Process

  • Communication, Culture, Media: Defined as channels, environments, and processes of expression impacting individuals, groups, and societies.
  • Communication Eras: Historical eras of communication (oral, written, print, electronic, and digital) with overlapping developments, showing how each era built upon the previous one, but also transforming society's power structures.
  • Media Literacy: Developing critical consumption and use of media through understanding media construction of meaning.
  • Critical Process: Steps to critically analyze media (Description, Analysis, Interpretation, Evaluation, and Engagement).

Understanding Mass Media & Mass Communication

  • Culture: Wider concept than art; encompasses beliefs, customs, symbols (including media), and communication methods within a society.
  • Media Affordances: Features of media technologies influencing how we communicate, including speed, form, storage capabilities, and one-way or two-way communication.
  • Mass Personal Communication: Blending mass and interpersonal communication aspects through digital media (e.g., social media).
  • Media in the Oral and Written Eras: Oral traditions were dominant in pre-literate societies. Writing's impact was gradual, sometimes resisted by those in power who controlled its dissemination.

The Print and Electronic Eras

  • The Print Era (Gutenberg Press): Invention of the printing press dramatically reduced the cost of books, democratizing knowledge and fostering literacy and individualism. Printing also fuelled social change (religious and political dissent).
  • The Electronic Era: Telegraph technology ushered in an era of instantaneous communication separating content from delivery, transforming information into a commodity. Followed by technologies like audio recording, photography, and eventually television, which dramatically altered how individuals and societies consumed and produced media.
  • Corporate Control: Large corporations gained control over electronic media due to the high costs of infrastructure. This pattern has continued into the digital era.
  • Mass Nation (and shared experience): Electronic media fostered a mass nation, a society with common media experiences (shared movies, shows, etc,)

The Digital Revolution and Convergence

  • Digital Revolution: Conversion of information to binary code revolutionized media, altered social structures, and blurred distinctions between mass/interpersonal communication.
  • Digital Era Media Impacts: Digital media fundamentally disrupted business models and cultural practices, impacted daily lives, and offered more personalized media experiences.
  • Media Convergence: Merging of different media formats (radio, film, etc.) into a single format viewed through a single device.
  • Niche Nation: Digital technologies and media strategies created a niche nation wherein diverse groups are connected to each other through more narrow media experiences (based on algorithms, personal interest).

Participatory Culture and Fragmentation

  • Participatory Culture: Digital era's ease of content creation and sharing empowered individuals to produce and consume media more personally.
  • Fragmentation: The increasing variety and personalization of media content lead to a fragmented society, with consumers accessing and consuming content based on specific niches or subcultures.

The Media Environment

  • Media as an Environment: Media is not just a channel, but a complex environment influencing many aspects of everyday life (smartphones, computers, social media, apps, smart devices)
  • Media Multitasking: Growing media consumption, particularly in younger generations; often leads to distraction and reduced depth of engagement, while also creating new interaction models.
  • Media Roles: Media consumers, producers, and citizens; these roles frequently intersect and create a complex relationship with media in the digital age.
  • Media Texts Analysis Tools: Media consumer, media producer, media citizen, history, cultural models and linear model of communication.

Examining Media and Culture Through a Historical Lens

  • Connecting Past and Present: Studying history helps understand how current media conditions stem from past choices, encouraging active engagement in shaping the future media landscape.
  • Linear Model of Communication: An early model of mass communication highlighting the sender-channel-receiver relationship; useful for understanding basic aspects of mass communication, but it has limitations when applied to the digital environment.
  • Cultural Approach to Media: Encompassing five elements (texts, technologies, industries, users, cultural context) in understanding the interactions impacting media consumption and production.

Media Representation and Politics

  • Media Representation: The ways media portrays people, communities, events, and institutions; these representations reflect existing power structures and often shape public perceptions.

  • Political Analysis: Media/media texts examine issues of power, distribution of resources in a society (broadly conceptualized).

  • Politics and Stories: Narrative structures (including stories, good vs evil, etc.) shape public understanding and often reinforce dominant values/ideas, even regarding serious events like pandemics.

  • Historical Examples of Media Representations: The book presents several examples to illustrate the concepts it introduces. 

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