60 mcq BDS 2

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What is the incubation period for hepatitis C?

12 weeks
9 weeks (correct)
15 weeks
6 weeks

Why does hepatitis C mutate faster than the immune response can respond?

It suppresses the immune system
It has a high mutation rate (correct)
It replicates rapidly in the liver
It has a high resistance to antiviral drugs

What is the primary mode of transmission of hepatitis C?

Casual contact like shaking hands
Sharing food or drinks
Blood-to-blood contact (correct)
Inhaling respiratory droplets

Why is hepatitis D described as needing co-infection with hepatitis B to infect?

It requires specific antigens produced by hepatitis B infection (D) Signup and view all the answers

When may a person need a repeat vaccination for hepatitis B?

If they become obese (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the initial symptoms of hepatitis C infection?

'They are hidden initially' (D) Signup and view all the answers

'Out of hepatitis C and hepatitis B, which one has a higher risk of transmission via a sharps injury?'

'Hepatitis B has a higher risk of transmission via a sharps injury' (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viral infections is characterized by a chronic infection with a late disease episode?

HIV (D) Signup and view all the answers

In which type of viral infection does the virus take a long time to build up before causing disease symptoms?

Slow infection (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about viruses is true?

Viruses are subcellular organisms because they can only replicate by entering a cell. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In which type of viral infection does the virus stay in the body after the initial disease episode?

Chronic infection (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viral infections is an example of a latent infection?

Varicella zoster (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viral infections is characterized by an acute episode followed by a chronic carrier state?

Hepatitis B (C) Signup and view all the answers

In which type of viral infection does the virus remain inactive in the body for an extended period?

Latent infection (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viral infections is caused by a prion, rather than a traditional virus?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about viral infections is true?

Viral infections can have different patterns, including acute, chronic, and latent. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viral infections is characterized by an acute episode followed by a long period of asymptomatic infection?

HIV (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of pro-inflammatory cytokines?

Activate macrophages and stimulate inflammatory mediator release (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of anti-inflammatory cytokines?

Inhibit pro-inflammatory responses (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of growth factors and Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs) in cellular communication?

Stimulate differentiation into different cell types (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of chemokines in the immune response?

Attract immune cells to the site of infection or inflammation (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do Type I interferons contribute to the immune response against viral infections?

Render surrounding cells non-permissive to infection/viral replication (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity in terms of specificity?

Innate immunity lacks specificity compared to adaptive immunity (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the time between exposure and maximal response differ between innate and adaptive immunity?

adaptive immunity has a lag time between exposure and maximal response (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do the components involved in innate and adaptive immunity differ?

Innate immunity involves both humoral and cell-mediated components, similarly adaptive immunity does. (C) Signup and view all the answers

During the 1st stage of HIV infection, what is the role of gp120?

Binds to Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans (HSPG's) on epithelial cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the 2nd stage of HIV infection characterized by?

Binding to CD4 on Th cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of Tat and Rev in the stages following HIV binding to T cells?

Amplifying transcription of viral RNA (D) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the acute infection stage of HIV?

Sharp peak in viremia followed by CD4+ T cell recovery (D) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the chronic infection stage of HIV?

Steady rate of viremia with constant CD4+ T cell levels (A) Signup and view all the answers

What marks the transition from chronic HIV infection to AIDS?

Sharp decline in circulating and mucosal CD4+ T cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are common during HIV infection?

Fever and weight loss (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why are parasite, bacterial, fungal, and viral infections common consequences of HIV?

As opportunistic infections from declining CD4 Th cell numbers (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 ways chronic inflammation arises according to the text?

From a severe acute response to the causative agent (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two processes that occur alongside each other in chronic inflammation according to the text?

Healing and repair (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a feature of chronic inflammation in the text?

Plasma enzyme system damage and extracellular matrix damage (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of chronic inflammation in the text?

Autoimmune responses to self-antigens (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types is NOT mentioned as part of the inflammatory infiltrate in chronic inflammation?

Neutrophils (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neutrophils during inflammation?

Removal of bacteria via phagocytosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation regarding immune cells?

Acute involves neutrophils, while chronic involves monocytes and lymphocytes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) help in killing pathogens?

Form hypochlorite which disrupts pathogen membranes (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the outcomes of acute and chronic inflammation?

Acute results in abscess formation, while chronic leads to fibrosis. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the 'heat' symptom in the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Increased blood flow due to vasodilation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of acute inflammation?

To initiate tissue repair and restore normal function (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five types of stimuli that can lead to inflammation?

Genetic mutations (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which cells are recognized as harmful during the inflammatory response?

By their surface receptors (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the vascular events associated with inflammation?

Vasoconstriction (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which fluid and cells leave the blood vessels and enter the surrounding tissues during inflammation?

Exudation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 ways chronic inflammation can arise from acute inflammation?

Following repeated episodes of acute inflammation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 processes that occur alongside each other in chronic inflammation?

Healing and repair (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of chronic inflammation?

Rapid resolution without scarring (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a granuloma in chronic inflammation?

Containing and isolating foreign substances (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular mediators are involved in inflammation according to the text?

Histamine, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, Cytokines (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a granuloma in chronic inflammation?

To prevent the spread of agents resistant to destruction (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of macrophages in chronic inflammation?

Promotion of allergic reactions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why does a granuloma fail in tuberculosis (TB)?

Presence of Langerhans Giant Cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is Mycobacterium tuberculosis protected from immunological attack?

Ingested into macrophages and persists intracellularly (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is tuberculosis considered a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

The tissue damage is caused by the host's own cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a granuloma in chronic inflammation?

To encapsulate and isolate resistant agents from the rest of the body (C) Signup and view all the answers