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60 mcq BDS 2
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60 mcq BDS 2

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Questions and Answers

What is the incubation period for hepatitis C?

  • 12 weeks
  • 9 weeks (correct)
  • 15 weeks
  • 6 weeks

    • Why does hepatitis C mutate faster than the immune response can respond?

  • It suppresses the immune system
  • It has a high mutation rate (correct)
  • It replicates rapidly in the liver
  • It has a high resistance to antiviral drugs

    • What is the primary mode of transmission of hepatitis C?

  • Casual contact like shaking hands
  • Sharing food or drinks
  • Blood-to-blood contact (correct)
  • Inhaling respiratory droplets

    • Why is hepatitis D described as needing co-infection with hepatitis B to infect?

    <p>It requires specific antigens produced by hepatitis B infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When may a person need a repeat vaccination for hepatitis B?

    <p>If they become obese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the initial symptoms of hepatitis C infection?

    <p>'They are hidden initially'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Out of hepatitis C and hepatitis B, which one has a higher risk of transmission via a sharps injury?'

    <p>'Hepatitis B has a higher risk of transmission via a sharps injury'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viral infections is characterized by a chronic infection with a late disease episode?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of viral infection does the virus take a long time to build up before causing disease symptoms?

    <p>Slow infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about viruses is true?

    <p>Viruses are subcellular organisms because they can only replicate by entering a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of viral infection does the virus stay in the body after the initial disease episode?

    <p>Chronic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viral infections is an example of a latent infection?

    <p>Varicella zoster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viral infections is characterized by an acute episode followed by a chronic carrier state?

    <p>Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of viral infection does the virus remain inactive in the body for an extended period?

    <p>Latent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viral infections is caused by a prion, rather than a traditional virus?

    <p>Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about viral infections is true?

    <p>Viral infections can have different patterns, including acute, chronic, and latent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viral infections is characterized by an acute episode followed by a long period of asymptomatic infection?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of pro-inflammatory cytokines?

    <p>Activate macrophages and stimulate inflammatory mediator release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of anti-inflammatory cytokines?

    <p>Inhibit pro-inflammatory responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of growth factors and Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs) in cellular communication?

    <p>Stimulate differentiation into different cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chemokines in the immune response?

    <p>Attract immune cells to the site of infection or inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Type I interferons contribute to the immune response against viral infections?

    <p>Render surrounding cells non-permissive to infection/viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity in terms of specificity?

    <p>Innate immunity lacks specificity compared to adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the time between exposure and maximal response differ between innate and adaptive immunity?

    <p>adaptive immunity has a lag time between exposure and maximal response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the components involved in innate and adaptive immunity differ?

    <p><strong>Innate immunity</strong> involves both humoral and cell-mediated components, similarly <strong>adaptive immunity</strong> does.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the 1st stage of HIV infection, what is the role of gp120?

    <p>Binds to Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans (HSPG's) on epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 2nd stage of HIV infection characterized by?

    <p>Binding to CD4 on Th cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of Tat and Rev in the stages following HIV binding to T cells?

    <p>Amplifying transcription of viral RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the acute infection stage of HIV?

    <p>Sharp peak in viremia followed by CD4+ T cell recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the chronic infection stage of HIV?

    <p>Steady rate of viremia with constant CD4+ T cell levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the transition from chronic HIV infection to AIDS?

    <p>Sharp decline in circulating and mucosal CD4+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms are common during HIV infection?

    <p>Fever and weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are parasite, bacterial, fungal, and viral infections common consequences of HIV?

    <p>As opportunistic infections from declining CD4 Th cell numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 ways chronic inflammation arises according to the text?

    <p>From a severe acute response to the causative agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two processes that occur alongside each other in chronic inflammation according to the text?

    <p>Healing and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a feature of chronic inflammation in the text?

    <p>Plasma enzyme system damage and extracellular matrix damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of chronic inflammation in the text?

    <p>Autoimmune responses to self-antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is NOT mentioned as part of the inflammatory infiltrate in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neutrophils during inflammation?

    <p>Removal of bacteria via phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation regarding immune cells?

    <p>Acute involves neutrophils, while chronic involves monocytes and lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) help in killing pathogens?

    <p>Form hypochlorite which disrupts pathogen membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the outcomes of acute and chronic inflammation?

    <p>Acute results in abscess formation, while chronic leads to fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the 'heat' symptom in the cardinal signs of inflammation?

    <p>Increased blood flow due to vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of acute inflammation?

    <p>To initiate tissue repair and restore normal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the five types of stimuli that can lead to inflammation?

    <p>Genetic mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which cells are recognized as harmful during the inflammatory response?

    <p>By their surface receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the vascular events associated with inflammation?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which fluid and cells leave the blood vessels and enter the surrounding tissues during inflammation?

    <p>Exudation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 ways chronic inflammation can arise from acute inflammation?

    <p>Following repeated episodes of acute inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 2 processes that occur alongside each other in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Healing and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Rapid resolution without scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a granuloma in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Containing and isolating foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular mediators are involved in inflammation according to the text?

    <p><strong>Histamine</strong>, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, Cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a granuloma in chronic inflammation?

    <p>To prevent the spread of agents resistant to destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of macrophages in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Promotion of allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a granuloma fail in tuberculosis (TB)?

    <p>Presence of Langerhans Giant Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Mycobacterium tuberculosis protected from immunological attack?

    <p>Ingested into macrophages and persists intracellularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is tuberculosis considered a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>The tissue damage is caused by the host's own cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a granuloma in chronic inflammation?

    <p>To encapsulate and isolate resistant agents from the rest of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

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