COPY: Siglo XVII: Conflictos en Europa

Monarchies' desire to expand their borders was a key driver of conflicts in Europe during the 17th century.

The Thirty Years' War began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Europe.

Fernando II of Habsburg opposed Protestant religious choices in the Thirty Years' War.

The Thirty Years' War drastically reduced the male population of Germany due to the violence.

The Peace of Westphalia marked a significant defeat for Habsburg power and influence.

The Treaty of Westphalia granted principalities the right to choose their religious affiliation.

The Thirty Years' War resulted in the destruction of German cities and farms.

The Thirty Years' War also led to a rise in disease-related deaths across the continent.

Private investors supported merchant companies in countries like the Netherlands, England, and France.

The major difference between Baltic trade and triangular trade was the involvement of enslaved people in the latter.

Goods like coffee, tobacco, and sugar were exchanged for enslaved people in the American colonies.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert, in France, implemented measures to reduce imports.

The English textile industry was a major economic force during this period.

Spain's inability to retain gold and silver caused bankruptcy and protectionist measures in other powers.

Colbert's team aimed to improve French industries by regulating product quality and training skilled workers.

American cotton was a key component for European textile production.

Spain formally recognized the independence of the United Provinces.

The death of King Charles II of Spain led to the succession of Philip of Anjou in 1700.

Mercantilism was the doctrine supported by Europe's dominant classes during the 1700s.

Following the Treaty of Utrecht, England gained control of Gibraltar.

The Spanish Empire was a major player in international trade during the economic expansion of the 16th century.

The Spanish War of Succession marked the beginning of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain.

Improvements to maritime transportation helped establish global markets during the 17th century.

The competition between nations for control of sea routes was heavily motivated by trade expansion.

Europe's expanding population from the 16th century led to higher food demand.

The three-field system of agriculture was combined with other ways of farming involving both agriculture and livestock.

Campesinos working on communal lands often lost their land and became vagabonds during the 16th century.

Food abundance in Europe during this timeframe led to more affordable goods for people.

In making textiles, rural home industry involved merchants distributing raw materials to rural workers.

The high demand for manufacturing resulted in lower quality products and less control over production.

England saw significant changes in the 16th and 17th centuries, including the privatization of common lands.

Affordability of food increased access to previously unattainable goods for people in Europe.

In patriarchal societies, women not controlled by men were often seen as dangerous.

The book 'The Hammer of Witches' gained popularity during the witch hunt period.

Accused witches were commonly tortured and punished for alleged criminal activities.

Economic capacity became increasingly significant in determining social standing during the Age of Absolutism.

Magic was viewed as real and prevalent in the 17th century.

The rise of absolute monarchies led to a substantial decline in the political power held by the nobility.

The Hammer of Witches recommended throwing accused witches into rivers as a way to test their guilt.

Notables were typically exempt from taxation under the feudal system.

Wealthy individuals viewed the marginalized as a threat and undesirable.

Cities implemented "poor laws" to manage the marginalized, including their expulsion and bodily punishments.

The lives of commoners were typically more private than the lives of the aristocracy.

Religious institutions offered charity to marginalized people but did not often alter their social status

Examples such as cafes and theaters were popular venues for social interaction among various social groups

Individuals who deviated from societal expectations faced the risk of exclusion or ridicule under absolutist governments.

Nobles publicly demonstrated their wealth and power as a key aspect of their lifestyle.

A majority of the lower classes resided in single-room dwellings.