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Questions and Answers
What is the assumed brake efficiency for safe geometric design?
What is the assumed brake efficiency for safe geometric design?
What is the primary factor affecting the frictional resistance between the tire and the road?
What is the primary factor affecting the frictional resistance between the tire and the road?
According to the IRC, what is the specified range of longitudinal friction values?
According to the IRC, what is the specified range of longitudinal friction values?
What is the relationship between the gradient of the road and the required sight distance?
What is the relationship between the gradient of the road and the required sight distance?
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What is the distance traveled by the vehicle during the reaction time called?
What is the distance traveled by the vehicle during the reaction time called?
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Why is the sight distance required more when descending a gradient?
Why is the sight distance required more when descending a gradient?
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What is the main purpose of stopping sight distance in highway design?
What is the main purpose of stopping sight distance in highway design?
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What is the formula for stopping sight distance (SSD) on a horizontal plane?
What is the formula for stopping sight distance (SSD) on a horizontal plane?
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What is the effect of a downward grade on a vehicle's stopping distance?
What is the effect of a downward grade on a vehicle's stopping distance?
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What is the term for the distance a vehicle travels from the point of perception to the completion of deceleration?
What is the term for the distance a vehicle travels from the point of perception to the completion of deceleration?
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What is the purpose of the perception-reaction time formula (d = vt)?
What is the purpose of the perception-reaction time formula (d = vt)?
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What is the effect of an upward grade on a vehicle's stopping distance?
What is the effect of an upward grade on a vehicle's stopping distance?
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What is the primary purpose of ensuring sight distance at intersections?
What is the primary purpose of ensuring sight distance at intersections?
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What is the formula for sight distance on a horizontal curve when S is less than Lc?
What is the formula for sight distance on a horizontal curve when S is less than Lc?
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What is the formula to compute the passing sight distance (PSD)?
What is the formula to compute the passing sight distance (PSD)?
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What is the definition of Passing Sight Distance (PSD)?
What is the definition of Passing Sight Distance (PSD)?
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What is the primary purpose of the distance d1 in the passing sight distance calculation?
What is the primary purpose of the distance d1 in the passing sight distance calculation?
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What is the relationship between Intermediate Sight Distance (ISD) and Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)?
What is the relationship between Intermediate Sight Distance (ISD) and Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)?
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What is the significance of the distance d4 in the passing sight distance calculation?
What is the significance of the distance d4 in the passing sight distance calculation?
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What is the unit of measurement for L in the formula L = 122 + 3.5S?
What is the unit of measurement for L in the formula L = 122 + 3.5S?
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How is the stopping sight distance for each road typically computed?
How is the stopping sight distance for each road typically computed?
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What is the variable M in the formula R = 8M / AS^2?
What is the variable M in the formula R = 8M / AS^2?
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What is the relationship between the headlamp sight distance and the height of the beam of a vehicle's head lamp?
What is the relationship between the headlamp sight distance and the height of the beam of a vehicle's head lamp?
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What is the purpose of calculating sight distance on a horizontal curve?
What is the purpose of calculating sight distance on a horizontal curve?
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What is the primary purpose of headlamp sight distance during night driving?
What is the primary purpose of headlamp sight distance during night driving?
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What is the condition when the design of sight distance at intersections is not necessary?
What is the condition when the design of sight distance at intersections is not necessary?
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What is the unit of measurement for θ in the formula for headlamp sight distance?
What is the unit of measurement for θ in the formula for headlamp sight distance?
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What is the effect of increasing the height of the headlamp above the road surface?
What is the effect of increasing the height of the headlamp above the road surface?
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What is the primary purpose of enabling stopped vehicles to cross a main road?
What is the primary purpose of enabling stopped vehicles to cross a main road?
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What is the assumption made when designing sight distance at intersections with a stoplight?
What is the assumption made when designing sight distance at intersections with a stoplight?
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Study Notes
Headlamp Sight Distance
- Headlamp sight distance is the distance visible to a driver during night driving under the illumination of headlamps/lights.
- It is critical at up- gradients and at the ascending stretch of valley curves.
- The distance should enable the driver to perceive a hazard not only in the forward direction but also to the left and right.
Design of Sight Distance at Intersections
- The design of sight distance at intersections is based on three possible conditions.
- When S > L, the formula is S > √(h² + S²θ)
- When S < L, the formula is L = √(h² + S²θ)
- Where L is the length of the curve, S is the headlamp sight distance, h is the height of the headlamp above the road surface, and θ is the angle of beam tilts upward above the horizontal axis of the car.
Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)
- SSD is the minimum sight distance available on a highway at any spot, having sufficient length to enable the driver to stop a vehicle traveling at design speed, safely without collision with any other obstruction.
- The formula for SSD is S = vt + √(v² / (g(f ± G))), where v is the running speed, t is the perception-reaction time, g is the acceleration due to gravity, f is the coefficient of friction, and G is the gradient of the road.
Factors Affecting Stopping Sight Distance
- Frictional resistance between the tire and the road affects SSD.
- When the frictional resistance is more, the vehicles stop immediately, and the sight required will be less.
- The gradient of the road also affects SSD.
- While climbing up a gradient, the vehicle can stop immediately, and the sight distance required is less.
- While descending a gradient, gravity also comes into action, and more time will be required to stop the vehicle, resulting in a longer SSD.
Intermediate Sight Distance (ISD) and Passing Sight Distance (PSD)
- ISD is defined as twice the SSD.
- PSD is the shortest distance sufficient for a vehicle to turn out of a traffic lane, pass another vehicle, and then turn back to the same lane safely and comfortably without interfering with the overtaken vehicle or an incoming vehicle traveling at design speed.
- PSD can be divided into four quantifiable portions: d1, d2, d3, and d4.
Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves
- When S < L, the formula is S² = R(8M² + 3.5S)
- When S > L, the formula is L = √(S² - M²)
- Where S is the sight distance, R is the radius of the curve, and M is the clear distance from the center of the roadway to the obstruction.
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