Sickle Cell Disease and Zika Virus Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic of red blood cells in sickle cell disease?

  • They adopt a crescent or sickle shape. (correct)
  • They remain disc-shaped and flexible.
  • They become larger and more durable.
  • They increase in number and size.

    • Which type of inheritance pattern is associated with sickle cell disease?

  • Autosomal dominant
  • X-linked dominant
  • X-linked recessive
  • Autosomal recessive (correct)

    • What is the primary objective of the National Sickle Cell Elimination Mission launched in 2023?

  • To fund research on new treatments for SCD
  • To treat existing cases of sickle cell disease
  • To eliminate sickle cell disease as a public health concern by 2047 (correct)
  • To increase the birth rate of healthy babies

    • Which of the following strategies is part of the Anaemia Mukt Bharat initiative?

    <p>6X6X6 strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many babies with sickle cell disease are estimated to be born in India annually?

    <p>15,000 to 25,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is the highest in terms of sickle cell disease births globally?

    <p>Nigeria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the only known cure for sickle cell disease?

    <p>Bone marrow transplant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the State Haemoglobinopathy Mission established in Madhya Pradesh?

    <p>Screening and management of sickle cell disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal of the '3 by 5' initiative launched by WHO?

    <p>To ensure 3 million people receive antiretroviral treatment by 2005.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the UNAIDS vision aim to achieve?

    <p>Zero new HIV infections and zero discrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about HIV types is correct?

    <p>HIV-1 is more virulent and widespread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Project Sunrise in India?

    <p>To address rising HIV prevalence in the northeast, especially among drug users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 90-90-90 targets set by UNAIDS?

    <p>To achieve 90% of HIV-infected individuals diagnosed and treated effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is part of India's HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017?

    <p>Ensuring central and state governments prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of WHO in relation to HIV/AIDS?

    <p>To establish global surveillance and monitoring systems for HIV/AIDS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was HIV first identified as the virus causing AIDS?

    <p>1983</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people were estimated to be living with HIV worldwide as of 2020?

    <p>Over 38 million.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym GIPA stand for in HIV/AIDS advocacy?

    <p>Greater Involvement of Persons with AIDS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people in urban areas have used AYUSH for prevention or treatment of ailments over the last 365 days?

    <p>53%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scheme aims to promote education, research, and innovation in AYUSH?

    <p>Ayur Gyan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average expenditure per person for prevention or treatment of ailments using AYUSH in rural areas?

    <p>Rs. 472</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was the National Ayush Mission launched?

    <p>2014</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the specific efforts under the National One Health Mission?

    <p>Integrated Disease Surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is responsible for coordinating animal disease control globally?

    <p>World Organisation for Animal Health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of the World Organisation for Animal Health?

    <p>Control epizootic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article of the Indian Constitution guarantees the fundamental right to life and personal liberty?

    <p>Article 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 2024 UNAIDS Global AIDS Update emphasizes the importance of addressing which issue?

    <p>Inequalities in health access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the first One Health consortium launched in India?

    <p>2021</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key affected group that continues to face high risks of HIV infection?

    <p>Transgender individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights pertain to?

    <p>Right to a standard of living adequate for health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge highlighted in the UNAIDS Global AIDS Update related to HIV prevention efforts?

    <p>Shortcomings in access to PrEP and harm reduction services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant decline has occurred in new HIV infections globally since 2010?

    <p>39%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Lyf Genia from Casgevy in their methods for treating diseases?

    <p>Lyf Genia uses a viral vector.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is currently the focus of CRISPR-based therapy development in India?

    <p>Sickle cell anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theme of World Sickle Cell Awareness Day?

    <p>Hope Through Progress: Advancing Sickle Cell Care Globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Zika virus is primarily transmitted by which of the following?

    <p>Aedes mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant resolution did the United Nations General Assembly pass regarding Sickle Cell Disease?

    <p>To acknowledge it as a major public health issue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country has proposed a risk-based assessment process for blood donations from men who have sex with men (MSM) in 2023?

    <p>United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has Canada done regarding blood donation guidelines for MSM over time?

    <p>Reduced the deferral period for MSM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the aim of the 2017 guidelines implemented in India regarding blood donation?

    <p>To exclude groups at high risk for Transfusion Transmissible Infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system does the UK adopt for blood donation assessments?

    <p>Assessment of Individualised Risk (FAIR) approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key finding of the recent all-India AYUSH survey conducted by NSSO?

    <p>High awareness of AYUSH among urban population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the current status of Zika virus vaccines?

    <p>Currently, there is no vaccine available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was Sickle Cell Disease first recognized as a genetic disorder?

    <p>In 2008 by the United Nations General Assembly resolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of males and females in rural India are aware of AYUSH?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Zika virus disease?

    <p>Mosquito bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sickle Cell Disease

    • Sickle cell disease is a group of genetic disorders affecting red blood cells, causing them to become crescent-shaped and hindering blood flow.
    • Inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, requiring two copies of the gene for the disease to manifest.
    • A single copy results in sickle cell trait.
    • Lifelong condition with blood and bone marrow transplant being the only known cure.
    • India is ranked third globally in terms of the number of sickle cell births, with an estimated 15,000 to 25,000 babies born with SCD annually.
    • The National Sickle Cell Elimination Mission was launched on 1st July, 2023, aiming to eliminate Sickle Cell Disease as a public health concern in India by 2047.
    • The mission prioritizes states with high SCD prevalence and tribal populations.

    Zika Virus

    • Mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in monkeys.
    • It was later identified in humans in 1952 in Uganda and Tanzania.
    • Transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.
    • No vaccine or specific medicine is available to prevent or treat Zika virus infection.

    Blood Donation & Transgender Exclusion

    • The 2017 guidelines in India exclude transgender persons, men having sex with men (MSM), and female sex workers from being blood donors due to perceived risk of HIV and hepatitis infections.
    • The Supreme Court is hearing a plea challenging these guidelines, arguing that they unfairly target entire groups, rather than focusing on individual risk assessment.

    Global Blood Donation Guidelines

    • The US FDA is considering a new proposal that would eliminate time-based deferrals for MSM and assess donors based on recent sexual activity and multiple sexual partners.
    • The UK employs a "For the Assessment of Individualised Risk (FAIR)" approach, focusing on individual risk rather than blanket exclusion.
    • Canada has moved away from blanket exclusions towards individual risk assessment, with a deferral period of three months for MSM.
    • Many countries have shifted towards policies that do not restrict based on sexual orientation or gender identity.

    First All India Survey on AYUSH

    • The first-ever all-India AYUSH survey was conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) from July 2022 to June 2023.
    • The survey found that around 95% of people in rural India and 96% in urban areas are aware of AYUSH.
    • Approximately 53% of people in urban areas and 46% in rural areas have used AYUSH for prevention or treatment of ailments within the past year.

    National One Health Mission

    • Approved by the Prime Minister's Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) in 2022.
    • Aims to implement integrated disease surveillance, environmental surveillance systems, and develop robust outbreak investigation mechanisms.
    • The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying launched a pilot project in Uttarakhand to implement the One Health Framework in April 2022.

    World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)

    • Intergovernmental organization founded in 1924, coordinating, supporting and promoting animal disease control.
    • Headquarters in Paris.
    • Primary objective is to control epizootic diseases and prevent their spread.
    • Recognized by the World Trade Organization as reference international sanitary rules.

    Right to Health in India

    • India is a signatory of the Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which grants the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being.
    • Article 21 of the Constitution of India guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which includes the right to health.
    • The Supreme Court has repeatedly upheld that the government has an obligation to provide adequate medical facilities for its people.

    UNAIDS Global AIDS Update (2024)

    • The report highlights the potential to end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.
    • Progress includes a 39% reduction in new HIV infections globally since 2010, with sub-Saharan Africa experiencing the steepest decline.
    • AIDS-related deaths have decreased to their lowest level since 2004.
    • Key populations continue to face higher risks of HIV infection due to inadequate prevention programs and stigma.
    • Prevention efforts are falling short, with deficiencies in access to services like pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and harm reduction programs.

    HIV/AIDS: Key Information

    • HIV, the virus causing AIDS, was identified in 1983 by scientists at the Institut Pasteur in Paris.
    • The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) leads the global effort to end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.
    • India has made Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) affordable and accessible to over 90 per cent of people living with HIV.
    • The UN Political declaration on ending AIDS was adopted in 2016, with the goal of ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.
    • UNAIDS promotes the GIPA principle (greater involvement of people living with HIV) for HIV prevention and treatment.
    • India’s Project Sunrise, launched in 2016, aims to tackle the rising HIV prevalence in north-eastern states of India.
    • The HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017, sets out measures for the central and state governments to prevent the spread of HIV or AIDS.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential information about sickle cell disease, including its genetic basis, prevalence in India, and the recent National Sickle Cell Elimination Mission. It also provides insights into the Zika virus, its origins, and transmission. Test your knowledge on these significant health topics!

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