Lecture 1- Nervous System

Which of the following is the least accurate comparison between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

If a researcher selectively disables the trigger zone of a neuron, what is the most likely consequence?

Which of the following statements correctly identifies a key distinguishing factor between unipolar and bipolar neurons?

In the context of neuronal function, what role do interneurons primarily serve, and what structural class do they typically belong to?

Considering the human brain's high metabolic demands and the necessity for protection, what is the likely consequence if the brain barrier system were to fail?

Which scenario exemplifies the integrative function of the nervous system most comprehensively?

A patient experiences a traumatic injury that selectively damages the afferent division of their peripheral nervous system. Which of the following impairments would most likely result from this injury?

How does the structural organization of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) support its function in connecting the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body?

Damage to a specific region within the central nervous system (CNS) results in a patient's inability to process and understand language, while their ability to speak remains intact. Which area is most likely affected?

Consider a scenario where a researcher is investigating the effects of a new drug on nerve impulse transmission. The drug selectively blocks the function of motor neurons in the somatic nervous system. Which of the following outcomes would most likely be observed in the experiment?

What characteristic of capillaries within the blood-brain barrier most significantly contributes to its selective permeability?

A researcher is studying drug delivery methods to the brain. Which method would be MOST effective for delivering a large molecule that does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier?

Why is the blood-CSF barrier essential for maintaining the optimal environment for neuronal function?

Damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would MOST likely result in a deficit in which of the following?

A patient reports difficulty experiencing pleasure and a general lack of motivation. Dysfunction in which of the following brain areas might be MOST likely contributing to these symptoms?

A person is startled by a loud noise, but does not turn their head towards the sound. Which structure is MOST likely damaged?

A patient has suffered a stroke that damages a specific area within the medulla oblongata. Which of the following functions would you expect to be MOST immediately compromised?

Which region of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for the integration of sensory information with past experiences to formulate complex plans and decisions?

A novel neurotoxin selectively ablates ependymal cells within the choroid plexus. Which of the following downstream effects would MOST likely be observed?

A researcher introduces a novel compound that selectively enhances transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier. What is the MOST probable consequence of this intervention?

A patient presents with highly specific and localized damage to the primary somatosensory cortex, yet exhibits no discernible deficits in tactile discrimination or proprioception. Which of the following provides the MOST tenable explanation for this lack of clinical presentation?

Following a traumatic brain injury, a patient demonstrates a selective impairment in generating appropriate emotional responses to previously aversive stimuli. Neuroimaging MOST likely reveals damage to which of the following?

A novel neurodegenerative disease selectively targets neurons within the nucleus accumbens. Which of the following behavioral alterations would MOST likely be an early manifestation of this condition?

A patient exhibits a pronounced deficit in the ability to visually track moving objects smoothly, instead displaying saccadic intrusions during pursuit. This MOST likely indicates damage to which midbrain structure?

A highly selective lesion to a specific pontine nucleus results in a complete loss of the corneal reflex (blinking in response to corneal stimulation) on the ipsilateral side. Which of the following nuclei is MOST likely affected?

Following a stroke, a patient presents with impaired regulation of heart rate variability, exhibiting an abnormally narrow range of heart rate responses to various stimuli. Which area within the medulla oblongata is MOST likely affected?

A patient presents with an extremely rare condition characterized by selective demyelination of axons exclusively within the white matter of the prefrontal cortex. Which of the following cognitive deficits would be the most likely and earliest manifestation of this condition?

A researcher discovers a novel compound that selectively and reversibly inhibits neuronal activity within the hippocampus. What effect would this MOST likely have on the formation of new memories?

In a scenario where a novel neurotoxin selectively targets and disrupts the function of anaxonic neurons, which of the following functional deficits would MOST likely be observed?

A researcher discovers a novel compound that selectively enhances the function of the trigger zone in neurons. Which of the following effects would be MOST likely observed at the cellular level?

Consider a scenario where a researcher is investigating the effects of targeted ablation of specific neuronal subtypes within the cerebellum. If Purkinje cells were selectively ablated, which of the following outcomes would be MOST anticipated?

If astrocytes within the brain exhibit significantly reduced capacity to maintain ionic homeostasis in the extracellular space, which of the following neuronal consequences would be MOST likely to occur?

A novel genetic mutation results in the complete absence of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Which of the subsequent consequences would MOST directly and severely impact neuronal function?

A researcher is investigating the effects of a neurodegenerative disease that selectively targets and destroys interneurons within the cerebral cortex. Which of the following cognitive and behavioral changes would MOST likely be observed in the early stages of the disease?

A patient presents with selective damage to their medulla oblongata. Considering the functions of the medulla, which symptom is of LEAST concern regarding immediate life-threatening outcomes?

In a hypothetical scenario, genetic engineering is used to create neurons with axons that lack the ability to form functional axon terminals. What would be the MOST immediate and direct consequence on neural circuitry?

A neuroanatomical study reveals a novel subtype of neuron in the human brain, characterized by an extensive dendritic arborization, a complete absence of an axon, and the expression of unique calcium-binding proteins. Based on these characteristics, what functional role would these neurons MOST likely play?

Given the high metabolic rate of the brain, a disruption to the labeled line code would have which MOST significant effect?

In a hypothetical scenario where glial cell function is completely ablated, what immediate consequence would MOST critically compromise neuronal function, leading to rapid neurological dysfunction?

Imagine a novel neurotoxin that selectively targets and disrupts the function of ependymal cells. What cascading effect would MOST directly and severely impact the central nervous system's ability to maintain homeostasis?

Consider a research study involving optogenetic stimulation of specific neuronal populations within the prefrontal cortex of a primate model. If the stimulation paradigm inadvertently induces long-term depression (LTD) at the synapses of these targeted neurons, what behavioral outcome would MOST likely be observed?

If a researcher discovers a novel compound that selectively inhibits the retrograde transport mechanism in neurons, what immediate and primary effect would be observed at the cellular level?

A patient presents with a rare genetic mutation that disrupts the formation of lipid rafts within the neuronal membrane. What downstream consequence would MOST significantly impair synaptic transmission efficacy?

Consider a scenario in which a researcher develops a technique to selectively disrupt the function of satellite glial cells in dorsal root ganglia. What primary sensory deficit would MOST likely be observed in animal models treated with this technique?

Imagine a novel viral infection that selectively targets and destroys astrocytes within the spinal cord. What immediate and critical consequence would MOST severely compromise motor neuron function and spinal cord circuitry?

If a researcher identifies a mutation that selectively impairs the ability of microglia to undergo phagocytosis, what long-term consequence would MOST significantly impact brain health and cognitive function?

Consider a genetic defect that selectively disrupts the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in neurons. Which of the following would be the MOST immediate and critical consequence?

A novel neurotoxin selectively disrupts the function of axonal transport, specifically targeting kinesin and dynein motor proteins. What immediate effect would MOST critically impair neuronal function?

Sensory Input

Integration (Nervous System)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Somatic Sensory (Afferent)

Autonomic Nervous System

Neuron Features

Multipolar Neuron

Sensory Neurons

Cerebrum

Brain Barrier System

Blood-Brain Barrier

Blood-CSF Barrier

Cerebral Cortex

Cerebral Cortex Areas

Diencephalon & Limbic System

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Sensory (Afferent) Division

Motor (Efferent) Division

Integration

Effectors

Receptors

Somatic Motor System

Nerves

Ganglia

Visceral Sensory (Afferent)

Autonomic System Functions

Neurons

Dendrites

Cell Body (Soma)

Axon

Axon Terminals

Bipolar Neuron

Unipolar Neuron

Motor Neurons

Brainstem Components

Brain Barrier Permeability

Brain Barrier Transport

Pons Function

Medulla Oblongata Function

Superior & Inferior Colliculi

Nucleus Accumbens

Thalamus Function

Hypothalamus Function