Shoulder anatomy-history 110 : observation 160 : examination 340 : tests 835

Which of the following is a prerequisite to any treatment of a patient with shoulder pain?

What can cause shoulder pain?

Why is the assessment of the shoulder complex difficult?

What influences make the examination of the shoulder region even more difficult?

Which structures should be evaluated in addition to the shoulder region?

What factor can play a significant role in the pathology of the shoulder?

Which ligament controls the vertical motion of the clavicle?

What is the resting position of the acromioclavicular joint?

Which nerve innervates the sternoclavicular joint?

What is the main ligament maintaining the integrity of the sternoclavicular joint?

Which joint enables the humerus in the glenoid to move through a full 180 degrees of abduction?

What is the resting position of the scapulothoracic joint?

Which age group is most likely to experience rotator cuff degeneration?

What are indicative factors of rotator cuff tears?

What age group is primary impingement usually seen in?

What age group is secondary impingement more common in?

At what age may calcium deposits occur?

At what age is frozen shoulder resulting from causes other than trauma seen?

Which ligament is the most important in stabilizing the glenohumeral joint?

Which ligament limits lateral rotation between 45° and 90° of abduction?

Which ligament limits inferior translation in adduction and restrains anterior translation and lateral rotation up to 45° of abduction?

What ligament primarily limits inferior translation and helps to limit lateral rotation below 60° of abduction?

What ligament forms an arch over the humeral head, acting as a block to superior translation?

What is the most limited motion of the glenohumeral joint according to the capsular pattern?

Which joint primarily depends on muscles and ligaments for its support, stability, and integrity?

What is the function of the labrum in the glenohumeral joint?

What is the resting position of the glenohumeral joint?

What is the close packed position of the glenohumeral joint?

What is the angle of torsion in the humeral head relative to the line joining the epicondyles?

Which athletes commonly have greater retrotorsion in the humeral head?

Which age group is most likely to experience rotator cuff degeneration?

What is the most limited motion of the glenohumeral joint according to the capsular pattern?

What is the angle of torsion in the humeral head relative to the line joining the epicondyles?

What is the function of the labrum in the glenohumeral joint?

What factor can play a significant role in the pathology of the shoulder?

What is the main ligament maintaining the integrity of the sternoclavicular joint?

At what age may calcium deposits occur?

At what age is frozen shoulder resulting from causes other than trauma seen?

What can cause shoulder pain?

What influences make the examination of the shoulder region even more difficult?

Which of the following is a common cause of shoulder pain?

What makes the assessment of the shoulder complex difficult?

Which age group is most likely to experience shoulder impingement?

Which structures should be evaluated in addition to the shoulder region?

What is the most limited motion of the glenohumeral joint according to the capsular pattern?

What factor can play a significant role in the pathology of the shoulder?

Which ligament supports the acromioclavicular joint anteriorly and posteriorly?

Which joint is responsible for controlling the movements of the scapula?

Which nerve innervates the sternoclavicular joint?

What is the resting position of the sternoclavicular joint?

Which ligament prevents medial displacement of the clavicle in the sternoclavicular joint?

What is the main function of the scapulothoracic joint?

Which ligament helps to stabilize the long head of the biceps as it passes over the joint line?

What is the angle between the humeral neck and shaft in adults?

What is the resting position of the glenohumeral joint?

What is the function of the labrum in the glenohumeral joint?

What is the relative position of the humeral head and the axis of the elbow at the distal humerus called?

Which muscles and ligaments primarily support the glenohumeral joint?

Which age group is most likely to experience rotator cuff degeneration?

What is the age range in which rotator cuff tears are more likely to be seen?

What are indicative factors of rotator cuff tears?

What is the age range in which primary impingement due to degeneration and weakness is usually seen?

What age group is secondary impingement due to instability caused by weakness in the scapular or humeral control muscles more common in?

At what age may calcium deposits occur?

Which ligament is the primary support of the acromioclavicular joint?

What is the primary role of the superior glenohumeral ligament?

Which ligament limits lateral rotation between 45° and 90° of abduction?

Which ligament is the most important in stabilizing the shoulder?

Which ligament primarily limits inferior translation and helps to limit lateral rotation below 60° of abduction?

Which ligament helps to stabilize the long head of biceps and limits inferior translation of the acromioclavicular joint?

Which age group is primary impingement usually seen in?

What is the age range when calcium deposits may occur?

What is the age range when chondrosarcomas may be seen?

What is the age range when frozen shoulder resulting from causes other than trauma is seen?

What is the age range when overuse damage to the proximal humeral physis may be seen?

What is the mechanism of injury when the patient falls on or receives a blow to the tip of the shoulder?

What does it mean when the patient supports the upper limb in a protected position or hesitates to move it?

What is the primary support of the acromioclavicular joint?

What ligament primarily limits inferior translation and helps to limit lateral rotation below 60° of abduction?

What ligament forms an arch over the humeral head, acting as a block to superior translation?

Which movement may cause pain in the shoulder due to cervical spine movements?

What muscle tends to be overactive during elevation activities with subacromial impingement?

What should be asked regarding instability of the shoulder?

What should be asked if the patient complains of pain with overhead activity, especially if the patient is an athlete?

What movement may cause pain in an unstable and painful shoulder when the hand is placed behind the head with the elbow backward?

What movement may cause pain in an unstable and painful shoulder when carrying a heavy weight with the arm extended along the body?

What movement may cause pain in recurrent dislocators when the humeral head is 'tightened' against the anterior glenoid?

What type of pain may be caused by pathology of the long head of biceps?

What movement may cause pain in the shoulder due to cervical spine movements?

What muscle tends to be overactive during elevation activities with subacromial impingement?

Which of the following symptoms may indicate vascular involvement in the upper limb?

Which condition may lead to thoracic outlet syndrome, axillary artery occlusion, effort thrombosis, or pressure in the quadrilateral space?

Which nerve may be injured as it passes through the suprascapular notch, leading to atrophy and paralysis of the supra- and infraspinatus muscles?

Which nerve injury may result in atrophy and weakness or paralysis of the deltoid and teres minor muscles?

Which nerve injury may affect the extensors of the elbow, wrist, and fingers, as well as alter sensation in its sensory distribution?

Which shoulder is usually lower than the nondominant shoulder and may have a different range of motion?

What is the main function of the scapulothoracic joint?

Which ligament limits lateral rotation between 45° and 90° of abduction?

Which structures should be evaluated in addition to the shoulder region?

Which of the following symptoms may indicate nerve injury in the shoulder region?

Which of the following is a common cause of the dead-arm syndrome, characterized by sudden paralyzing pain and weakness in the shoulder?

What is the term used to describe altered shoulder mechanics, commonly involving a tight posterior capsule, altered arthrokinematics of the glenohumeral joint, and scapular dyskinesia?

What is the term used to describe pain during specific phases of pitching, indicating anterior instability even in the presence of minimal clinical signs?

What is the term used to describe pain that is often related to rotator cuff tears and on occasion to tumors, and is typically worse at night?

Which of the following is a common cause of paratenonitis or tendinosis, often seen in skiers and cross-country skiers?

Which of the following activities may indicate nerve root pain in the shoulder?

Which of the following activities may exacerbate shoulder problems in patients with instability or inflammatory conditions?

Which of the following signs could indicate an injury to the sternoclavicular joint or a posterior dislocation of the joint?

Which of the following factors is important to determine in swimmers and baseball pitchers to assess shoulder problems?

What is the term used to describe chronic overuse damage to the structures of the shoulder in elite swimmers?

Which muscle provides an origin for the rotator cuff muscles as well as the biceps and triceps muscles?

What can cause inflammation of the paratenon in the shoulder?

What may snapping or clunking sound during abduction and adduction indicate in the shoulder?

What can atrophy of the upper trapezius indicate in the shoulder?

What can atrophy of the supraspinatus or infraspinatus indicate in the shoulder?

What is the term used to describe abnormal positions of the scapula like tilting, winging, or dysrhythmia?

What is the most common anomalous muscle in the axillary fossa?

What deformity may be caused by an acromioclavicular dislocation with the distal end of the clavicle lying superior to the acromion process?

What may an anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint result in?

What may a sulcus deformity indicate?

What may a forward head posture be associated with?

What may a step deformity indicate?

Which muscle is primarily responsible for winging of the scapula during abduction and forward flexion?

What is the most common congenital deformity of the shoulder complex?

Which nerve palsy can cause winging of the scapula at rest?

Which muscle should be checked for wasting in cases of winging of the scapula?

What is the main cause of static winging of the scapula?

Which condition is characterized by a developmental deformity leading to a high or undescended scapula?

What is the term used to describe the altered sequencing of muscle activation patterns and muscle performance and length that help stabilize the scapula along with inhibition due to pain?

Which movement pattern of scapular dysfunction is characterized by the whole medial border of the scapula being prominent and lifting away from the posterior chest wall both statically and dynamically?

What is the term used to describe the scapular movement pattern in which the superior border of the scapula is elevated at rest and during movement, with minimal winging and initiation of movement by a shoulder shrug?

What is the term used to describe the scapular movement pattern in which both scapulae are symmetrical at rest and during motion, rotating symmetrically upward with the inferior angles rotating laterally away from midline?

What is the term used to describe scapular winging that is the result of muscle weakness of one of the scapular muscle stabilizers, disrupting the normal muscle force couple balance of the scapulothoracic complex?

What is the term used to describe scapular winging that occurs because of pathology in the glenohumeral joint, altering the normal movement of the scapula?

Which of the following is NOT a reason why it is important to observe the patient as they undress and dress during a shoulder examination?

Which of the following is NOT a potential vasomotor change that may be observed in the hand during a shoulder examination?

Why is it important to assess the patient's ability to assume a 'neutral pelvis' position during a shoulder examination?

What percentage of the force of throwing is normally generated by the lower quadrant or kinetic chain?

Which of the following questions should be asked by the examiner related to the 'neutral pelvic' position during a shoulder examination?

What can an abnormal pelvic position during a shoulder examination lead to?

Which muscle provides an origin for the rotator cuff muscles as well as the biceps and triceps muscles?

What is the term used to describe abnormal positions of the scapula such as tilting, winging, or dysrhythmia?

What can atrophy of the supraspinatus or infraspinatus muscles indicate in the shoulder?

What may snapping or clunking sound during abduction and adduction of the shoulder indicate?

Which of the following may indicate an acromioclavicular dislocation?

What may a sulcus deformity indicate?

What may a flattening of the deltoid muscle area indicate?

What may an elevated dominant side indicate?

Which muscle is responsible for winging of the scapula during abduction and forward flexion?

Which condition is the most common congenital deformity of the shoulder complex?

Which nerve palsy can cause winging of the scapula at rest?

Which muscles should be evaluated for wasting in cases of scapular winging?

During a shoulder examination, the examiner should observe the patient as they undress and dress. Which of the following actions by the patient may indicate possible pathology in the affected arm?

What is the role of kinematics in a shoulder examination?

What is the importance of assessing the patient's ability to assume a 'neutral pelvis' position during a shoulder examination?

What percentage of the force of throwing is normally generated by the lower quadrant or kinetic chain?

Which type of scapular dysfunction is characterized by the superior border of the scapula being elevated at rest and during movement, with minimal winging and initiation of movement by a shoulder shrug?

What is the primary cause of Type II scapular dysfunction?

What is the main difference between primary scapular winging and secondary scapular winging?

What is the common cause of dynamic scapular winging with reverse scapulohumeral rhythm?

Which structures may cause a painful arc in the shoulder?

What is the most common cause of a painful arc in the shoulder?

What is the range of abduction where the pinching of structures under the acromion process occurs, resulting in pain?

What is the common pattern of pain during a painful arc in the shoulder?

What is the movement that may decrease the pain during a painful arc in the shoulder?

What are the signs and symptoms of a painful arc in the shoulder?

Which of the following is true about the examination of the shoulder?

Which motion of elevation is considered the most natural and functional?

In which type of kinetic chain does the arm act as an open kinetic chain?

What is the angle of elevation in scaption determined by?

Which of the following is an example of scapular instability in a closed kinetic chain?

What is the main advantage of elevation in scaption compared to elevation through abduction?

What is the range of scapular rotation in scaption elevation?

In an open kinetic chain, when should the scapular muscles be working eccentrically?

What is the range of humeral abduction in scaption elevation?

What is the main function of the shoulder in the kinetic chain?

What is the normal range of active lateral rotation in the glenohumeral joint?

Why is knowledge of muscle balance and force couples important in determining a diagnosis?

Which of the following is considered an open-kinetic-chain activity?

What is the purpose of comparing one side of the body with the other during an assessment?

What is the term used to describe the combination of glenohumeral, scapulothoracic, acromioclavicular, and sternoclavicular movements in shoulder movements?

What can compensatory scapular movement during active shoulder movements lead to?

What is the term used to describe the premature excessive elevation or protraction of the scapula during arm lowering?

How does a slouched (rounded shoulder) posture affect the range of motion at the shoulder?

During phase 2 of scapulohumeral movement, the clavicle rotates posteriorly, retracts, and minimally elevates at the sternoclavicular joint. At the acromioclavicular joint, the clavicle tilts posteriorly and upwardly and rotates medially. How much motion is possible at the acromioclavicular joint during the rotation of the scapula?

During the final 90° of motion (third phase) of scapulohumeral movement, the scapula continues to rotate and begins to elevate. How much does the clavicle rotate posteriorly on a long axis during this stage?

What is the maximum amount of elevation through abduction at the glenohumeral joint if the clavicle does not rotate and elevate?

In reverse scapulohumeral rhythm, which component of the shoulder complex moves more than the other?

What is the normal range of active elevation through forward flexion?

What should the examiner observe during the last 30° of forward flexion elevation to ensure normal movement of the kinetic chain?

Which of the following is considered an open-kinetic-chain activity?

What is the term used to describe the premature excessive elevation or protraction of the scapula during arm lowering?

What is the range of active elevation through abduction in the shoulder?

What is the main cause of shoulder pain in individuals who use their shoulder excessively, especially with overhead movement?

What is the term used to describe the slouched (rounded shoulder) posture with forward-head posture?

Which of the following is a group of counteracting muscles that work together to produce smooth movement and joint control?

Which motion of elevation is considered the most natural and functional?

What is the exact angle of elevation in scaption determined by?

Which position of elevation is often less painful than elevation through abduction or forward flexion?

Which plane of motion puts less stress on the capsule and surrounding musculature?

What is the range of total elevation in scaption?

What is the normal range of active lateral rotation in the shoulder?

Which of the following is the most common cause of a painful arc in the shoulder?

During a painful arc in the shoulder, the pain is usually greater when?

Which of the following tests is a strong indicator of a full-thickness rotator cuff tear?

Which joint is primarily affected in the second painful arc in the shoulder?

What is the ratio of movement between the humerus and scapula during 180° of abduction?

What is the main function of the shoulder in the kinetic chain?

During phase 2 of scapulohumeral movement, how much motion is possible at the acromioclavicular joint during the rotation of the scapula?

What is the term used to describe scapular winging that occurs because of pathology in the glenohumeral joint, altering the normal movement of the scapula?

What is the angle of torsion in the humeral head relative to the line joining the epicondyles?

What may a sulcus deformity indicate?

What can cause inflammation of the paratenon in the shoulder?

Which nerve may be injured as it passes through the suprascapular notch, leading to atrophy and paralysis of the supra- and infraspinatus muscles?

Which of the following is true about the examination of the shoulder?

Which of the following is true about the arm and shoulder in relation to kinetic chains?

Which of the following is an example of scapular instability with a closed kinetic chain?

Which of the following is an example of scapular instability with an open kinetic chain?

What becomes the stable part and what becomes the mobile part in scapular instability with a closed kinetic chain?

What becomes the base or origin of the muscles and what becomes more mobile in scapular instability with an open kinetic chain?

Which of the following is a test that can be used to assess the glenohumeral joint's true medial and lateral rotation?

What does the presence of crepitus during rotation in 90° of abduction indicate?

What is GIRD?

What is the normal range for GIRD?

What does a GIRD/GERG ratio greater than 1 indicate?

Which of the following movements involves the patient squeezing the shoulder blades together?

Which muscle is responsible for scapular winging when weak or paralyzed?

What may cause a clicking or snapping near the inferior angle or supramedial corner of the scapula?

Which joint may be affected if a patient experiences pain in the sternoclavicular joint during scapular protraction?

Which movement involves the patient trying to bring the shoulders together anteriorly?

Which muscle is responsible for scapular winging during abduction and forward flexion?

What is the main function of the subscapularis muscle?

Which nerve is responsible for paralysis of the deltoid and teres minor muscles, affecting abduction and lateral rotation of the shoulder?

What is the term used to describe scapular winging that occurs due to injury to the long thoracic nerve?

What is the main ligament maintaining the integrity of the acromioclavicular joint?

Which of the following is true about humeral retroversion (HR)?

What is the purpose of the dynamic rotary stability test (DRST)?

What is the purpose of the dynamic relocation test (DRT)?

What is the normal range of active extension in the shoulder?

What is the normal range of adduction in the shoulder if the arm is brought in front of the body?

During a shoulder examination, if the range of motion (ROM) is not full during active movements, what should the examiner do to determine the end feel?

In addition to the four shoulder joints, what other structures should be evaluated during a passive examination of the shoulder?

What should the examiner do if there is a restriction in rib and spinal movement during a passive examination of the shoulder?

What is the purpose of performing passive movements of the shoulder during an examination?

If the examiner is unable to test the end feel during active movements, what type of movements should be performed to determine the end feel?

Which of the following muscles may be found to be tight in a patient with anterior shoulder instability?

Which of the following is a possible cause of dynamic scapular winging with reverse scapulohumeral rhythm?

What is the recommended range of repetitions for repetitive movements in the assessment of shoulder pain?

What is the primary function of the scapulothoracic joint?

What is the main advantage of elevating the arm with the humerus in medial rotation during assessment?

Which of the following is true about humeral retroversion (HR)?

What may excessive lateral rotation in the shoulder lead to?

Which test assesses the rotator cuff's ability to maintain the humeral head in the glenoid through the arc of rotation?

What is the normal range of active extension in the shoulder?

What is the normal range of horizontal adduction in the shoulder?

Which muscle is weak in a patient with anterior humeral translation?

What may cause excessive scapular retraction during lateral rotation?

What muscle is responsible for winging of the scapula when weak?

What nerve is injured if there is winging of the scapula or scapular tilt?

What muscles are affected by damage to the radial nerve?

Which position should the rotation testing be done in to get a clearer indication of the glenohumeral joint's true medial and lateral rotation?

What does crepitus during rotation testing in 90° of abduction indicate?

What is GIRD?

What is the normal difference in medial rotation between the patient's two shoulders?

What does a GIRD/GERG ratio greater than 1 indicate?

Which muscles may be found to be tight in a patient with anterior shoulder instability?

What is the primary cause of Type II scapular dysfunction?

What may a flattening of the deltoid muscle area indicate?

What is the resting position of the scapulothoracic joint?

What movement may cause pain in an unstable and painful shoulder when the hand is placed behind the head with the elbow backward?

Which of the following movements involves the patient squeezing the shoulder blades together?

Which muscle is responsible for scapular stabilization during shoulder movements?

Which movement pattern of scapular dysfunction is characterized by the whole medial border of the scapula being prominent and lifting away from the posterior chest wall both statically and dynamically?

Which ligament primarily limits inferior translation and helps to limit lateral rotation below 60° of abduction?

Which movement involves the patient trying to bring the shoulders together anteriorly, causing the scapula to move away from midline with the inferior angle of the scapula commonly moving laterally more than the superior angle?

Which of the following is true about passive movements in shoulder examination?

What should be noted if there is a restriction in rib and spinal movement during passive shoulder examination?

When should the examiner perform passive movements of the shoulder in shoulder examination?

What is the purpose of performing passive movements in shoulder examination?

Which structures should be examined during passive shoulder examination?

Which movement of the humerus occurs automatically or subconsciously with movement?

At what angle of abduction does the shoulder exhibit 90° of medial rotation?

What is the purpose of the quadrant test?

What is the position called when the shoulder no longer abducts due to the catching of the greater tuberosity in the subacromial space?

What is the order of restriction in the capsular pattern of the shoulder?

What indicates a noncapsular pattern of shoulder movement limitation?

What does scapular protraction, winging, or tilting during isometric testing indicate?

Which of the following is NOT a criteria for considering treatment intervention in the ROM of the shoulder?

What is the definition of inferior hyperlaxity?

What is the difference between the end feel of capsular tightness and muscle tightness?

How can one differentiate between muscular and capsular tightness?

What can a tight posterior capsule cause?

Which directions of movement are primarily limited in a frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)?

What is the purpose of the dynamic relocation test (DRT)?

Which of the following is true about frozen shoulder?

How is posterior capsular tightness measured in shoulder examination?

How is passive medial rotation measured in shoulder examination?

What is the recommended position for measuring rotation in shoulder examination?

What is the recommended method for measuring lateral rotation in shoulder examination?

What may excessive lateral rotation in the shoulder lead to?

What is the normal range of abduction in the glenohumeral joint alone?

During the active movements, the examiner should have noted which movements caused discomfort or pain so that this information can be correlated with that obtained from resisted isometric movements. What is the purpose of correlating the information obtained from active movements with that obtained from resisted isometric movements?

Which muscles should receive particular attention during the examination of the shoulder?

What is the initial position for resisted isometric tests of the muscles of the shoulder?

What is the region of hypovascularity of the long head of biceps?

Which muscle is suspected to be the problem if the patient experiences pain primarily on medial rotation but also on abduction and adduction?

Which muscles act over both the elbow and the shoulder?

What is the term used to describe a third-degree strain (rupture) of the long head of biceps tendon at the shoulder?

What are special tests used for in shoulder examinations?

Why are special tests not necessarily definitive or discriminatory in diagnosing shoulder injuries?

During the quadrant test, at approximately what angle of abduction does the humerus move forward?

What is the position called when the shoulder no longer abducts at about 120° of abduction due to the catching of the greater tuberosity in the subacromial space?

Which movement shows the greatest restriction in the capsular pattern of the shoulder?

What indicates weakness of the scapular control muscles during resisted isometric movements?

At what angle of adduction does the quadrant position occur during shoulder abduction/adduction?

Which movement normally has a tissue-stretch end feel in the capsular pattern of the shoulder?

What should the examiner be aware of when performing the quadrant test and the locked quadrant test?

Which of the following is true about glenohumeral lateral rotation?

What is the definition of anterior hyperlaxity?

How can capsular tightness be differentiated from muscle tightness?

When should capsular tightness be measured?

What can a tight posterior capsule cause?

What movements does a frozen shoulder primarily limit?

What does a reverse scapulohumeral rhythm indicate?

Which muscles should receive particular attention during a shoulder examination?

What is the region of hypovascularity of the long head of biceps from its origin at the coracoid process?

What percentage of all biceps ruptures occur to the long head?

Which muscle is primarily responsible for medial rotation of the shoulder?

What is the term used to describe abnormal positions of the scapula such as tilting, winging, or dysrhythmia?

What ligament limits lateral rotation between 45° and 90° of abduction?

What is the angle between the humeral neck and shaft in adults?

What movement may cause pain in an unstable and painful shoulder when the hand is placed behind the head with the elbow backward?

What is the normal range of active elevation through forward flexion?

Which of the following is true about frozen shoulder?

How is posterior capsular tightness measured in shoulder examination?

How is passive medial rotation of the humerus measured in shoulder examination?

How is passive lateral rotation of the humerus measured in shoulder examination?

What is the recommended position for measuring rotation in shoulder examination?

What is the recommended method for measuring lateral rotation in shoulder examination?

What is the recommended position for measuring lateral rotation in shoulder examination?

Which of the following factors may contribute to abnormal motion within the shoulder complex?

What is the term used to describe abnormal motion within the shoulder complex?

Which system did Kuhn et al. advocate for diagnosing glenohumeral instability?

What is the primary cause of impingement in older patients?

What is the recommended position for measuring rotation in shoulder examination?

What does the presence of crepitus during rotation in 90° of abduction indicate?

Which test is similar to the apprehension test but is done with the arm at 45° abduction instead of 90° and the elbow at 90° and then laterally rotated?

What does a positive relocation test indicate?

What does a positive crank test with pain predominating during the test and disappearing with the relocation test indicate?

What is the purpose of the bony apprehension test?

What does a positive supine apprehension test indicate?

What should be done before releasing the posterior stress in the relocation test?

Which of the following tests is used to assess for a bony defect contributing to anterior instability in the shoulder?

What is the recommended position for the patient during the Load and Shift Test?

What is the purpose of the 'load' portion of the Load and Shift Test?

What is considered normal anterior translation of the humeral head during the Load and Shift Test?

Which of the following is true about the amount of translation during the Load and Shift Test?

What is the primary purpose of comparing the affected and normal sides during the Load and Shift Test?

Which test is a modification of the load and shift test and is used to assess for anterior shoulder instability?

Which test is used to assess for anterior shoulder instability by comparing the amount of movement available with that of the normal side?

Which test is used to assess for anterior shoulder instability by observing the movement of the finger palpating the anterior humeral head?

Which test is primarily designed to check for traumatic instability problems causing gross or anatomical instability of the shoulder?

What does a positive Apprehension (Crank) Test for Anterior Shoulder Dislocation indicate?

What does a positive Anterior Instability Test (Leffert’s Test) indicate?

Which of the following is true about secondary impingement in the shoulder?

What is the difference between laxity and instability in the shoulder?

What is the term used to describe impingement that occurs posteriorly in the shoulder?

What is the classification of impingement and instability developed by Jobe and colleagues?

What type of impingement involves contact of the undersurface of the rotator cuff with the posterosuperior glenoid labrum when the arm is abducted to 90° and laterally rotated fully?

What is the term used to describe chronic overuse damage to the structures of the shoulder in elite swimmers?

Which test is recommended for assessing glenohumeral instability and injury to the middle glenohumeral ligament?

What is the position of the arm during the Castagna test?

What does a positive test result indicate in the Castagna test?

Which test is recommended for swimmers and is performed at 135° abduction?

What is the purpose of the Jobe relocation test?

What does a positive test result indicate in the Jobe relocation test?

Which of the following factors can contribute to shoulder instability?

Which diagnostic system is recommended for diagnosing glenohumeral instability?

What is the primary problem in mechanical impingement in older patients?

What is the term used to describe altered shoulder mechanics involving a tight posterior capsule, altered arthrokinematics of the glenohumeral joint, and scapular dyskinesia?

Which diagnostic tool may increase individual confidence to move and adhere to treatment plans for rotator cuff symptoms?

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of abnormal motion and instability at the shoulder complex?

Which test is a modification of the load and shift test and is used to assess for anterior shoulder instability?

What is the primary purpose of the Hawkins and Bokor test?

What is the main purpose of the apprehension (crank) test for anterior shoulder dislocation?

Which ligament primarily limits inferior translation and helps to limit lateral rotation below 60° of abduction?

At what age may calcium deposits occur?

What is the ratio of movement between the humerus and scapula during 180° of abduction?

Which of the following is NOT a type of impingement syndrome in the shoulder?

Which grade of impingement and instability in throwing athletes is characterized by primary instability with no impingement?

Which type of impingement is found posteriorly in overhead athletes?

Which type of instability includes altered glenohumeral arthrokinematics because of the presence of a SLAP lesion, a tight posteroinferior capsule, and often scapular dyskinesia?

Which type of instability includes muscle weakness and unbalanced force couples?

Which ligament limits lateral rotation between 45° and 90° of abduction in the shoulder?

Which test is used to check primarily atraumatic instability problems of the glenohumeral joint?

What is the most common cause of a painful arc in the shoulder?

What is the normal range of active extension in the shoulder?

What is the term used to describe altered shoulder mechanics, commonly involving a tight posterior capsule, altered arthrokinematics of the glenohumeral joint, and scapular dyskinesia?

Which ligament primarily limits inferior translation and helps to limit lateral rotation below 60° of abduction?

What age group is primary impingement usually seen in?

Which of the following is true about primary impingement in the shoulder?

What is the main problem associated with secondary impingement in the shoulder?

What type of impingement is found posteriorly in overhead athletes?

Which type of instability is characterized by muscle weakness in the shoulder?

What is the term used to describe altered shoulder mechanics, commonly involving a tight posterior capsule, altered arthrokinematics of the glenohumeral joint, and scapular dyskinesia?

What type of instability is characterized by static restraints being injured or muscles controlling the joint being weak or unbalanced?

Which test is recommended for assessing glenohumeral instability in swimmers at the position of the arm at the initiation of the pull-through phase?

What does posterosuperior pain during the Castagna test indicate?

When is the Jobe relocation test considered positive?

What does the Fowler sign or test, also known as the Jobe relocation test, indicate?

What does a positive crank test with disappearance of apprehension during the relocation test indicate?

When is the relocation test positive for posterior internal impingement?

Which test is used to assess for anterior shoulder instability by comparing the amount of movement available with that of the normal side?

Which test is a modification of the load and shift test and is used to assess for anterior shoulder instability by lifting the humeral head forward?

Which test is used to assess for anterior shoulder instability by abducting and laterally rotating the arm while palpating for movement of the anterior humeral head?

Which test is primarily designed to check for traumatic instability problems causing gross or anatomical instability of the shoulder?

What does a positive Anterior Drawer Test of the Shoulder indicate?

What does a positive Apprehension (Crank) Test for Anterior Shoulder Dislocation indicate?

Which of the following factors can contribute to instability at the shoulder?

What is the primary problem in mechanical impingement in older patients?

Which system was advocated by Kuhn et al. for diagnosing glenohumeral instability?

What is the primary function of the labrum in the glenohumeral joint?

Which test is used to assess for anterior shoulder instability by comparing the amount of movement available with that of the normal side?

What does a positive test result indicate in the Shoulder Symptom Modification Procedure (SSMP)?

Which test is used if an unreduced anterior shoulder dislocation is suspected?

Which test is designed to check primarily atraumatic instability problems of the glenohumeral joint?

What is the normal range of anterior translation of the humeral head during the load and shift test?

What is the most common cause of a false-negative test in the load and shift test?

Which ligament prevents medial displacement of the clavicle in the sternoclavicular joint?

What is the purpose of the dynamic relocation test (DRT)?

Which test is used to assess for posterior instability or dislocation of the humerus?

What is the primary complaint of patients with inferior instability and multidirectional instability?

Which test is a modification of the sulcus sign test and is used to assess for abduction inferior stability?

What is considered normal translation of the humeral head during the posterior drawer test?

Which movement is the examiner performing during the posterior subluxation test?

Which test is used to assess for posterior instability and demonstrates significant posterior translation of the humeral head?

Which grade of anterior translation is characterized by the humeral head riding up to the glenoid rim and spontaneously reducing?

What percentage of humeral head translation is considered normal for posterior translation?

In which direction would one normally expect greater translation during the load and shift test?

At what angle is the patient's arm taken to test anterior translation in the load and shift test?

What force is applied by the examiner to test anterior translation in the load and shift test?

What should ideally be done to the humerus before starting the load and shift test?

What test is recommended for assessing posterior shoulder instability by doing a posterior load and shift test with the arm abducted to 90° and in neutral rotation coupled with a posteriorly directed axial load?

What is the positive finding in the Jerk Test for recurrent posterior instability?

What is the Miniaci Test used for?

What is the recommended position for the patient during the Norwood Stress Test for Posterior Instability?

What is the positive finding in the Cofield and Irving version of the Norwood Stress Test for Posterior Instability?

What is the positive finding in the Posterior Apprehension or Stress Test?

What is the purpose of the sulcus sign test in shoulder examination?

What is the purpose of the hyperabduction test in shoulder examination?

What is the purpose of the HERI test in shoulder examination?

What is the purpose of the knee-shoulder test in shoulder examination?

What is the purpose of the Rowe test for multidirectional instability in shoulder examination?

What is the purpose of the hyperextension-internal rotation (HERI) test in shoulder examination?

Which movement causes the posterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament and the posteroinferior capsule to become increasingly tight, resulting in a decrease in posterior translation?

Which test for anterior instability involves the patient lying prone while the examiner abducts the patient's arm to 90° and laterally rotates it 90°, and then pushes the humeral head forward?

Which test for anterior instability involves the examiner palpating the anterior aspect of the head of the humerus with the fingers of one hand deep in the patient's axilla while the fingers of the other hand are placed over the posterior aspect of the humeral head, and then pushing the humeral head anteriorly and inferiorly?

Which test for posterior instability involves the examiner standing behind the seated patient, rotating the patient's shoulder laterally with the arm at the patient's side, and then repeating the rotation at different angles of abduction?

Which test for anterior instability involves the patient lying supine and placing the hand of the affected side behind their head, while the examiner pushes up against the posterior humeral head and extends the arm slightly?

Which type of impingement is found posteriorly in overhead athletes?

What is considered grade I in the three-grade system for anterior translation?

What is considered grade II in the three-grade system for anterior translation?

What is considered grade III in the three-grade system for anterior translation?

What is considered normal translation for posterior translation of the humeral head?

What is the recommended position for measuring rotation in shoulder examination?

How should the examiner hold the patient's arm during the load and shift test for anterior translation?

Which movement is used to test posterior translation (posterior instability) of the shoulder?

Which test is used to assess anterior instability of the shoulder while the patient is lying prone?

Which test is used to assess anterior instability of the shoulder while the patient is sitting?

Which test is used to assess posterior instability of the shoulder?

Which ligament is primarily involved in limiting anterior translation of the humerus?

Which ligament is primarily involved in limiting posterior translation of the humerus?

Which test is used to assess for posterior instability or dislocation of the humerus?

What is considered a normal translation of the humeral head during the Posterior Drawer Test?

Which test is used to assess for posterior instability by applying a posteriorly directed force at the patient's elbow while moving the shoulder into horizontal abduction and lateral rotation?

What is a positive result of the Posterior Subluxation Test?

Which test is a modification of the sulcus sign test and is used to assess for inferior instability?

What is the primary complaint of patients with inferior instability and multidirectional instability?

Which test is used to assess posterior shoulder instability by applying a posteriorly directed axial load with the arm abducted to 90° and in neutral rotation?

Which test is performed by extending the patient's arm while maintaining slight abduction, bringing the arm over the top and into the flexed and adducted position, and palpating the posterior aspect of the shoulder for subluxation?

Which test involves axially loading the humerus in a proximal direction while moving the arm horizontally across the body, and produces a sudden jerk or clunk if there is recurrent posterior instability?

Which test is used to assess posterior subluxation by flexing, adducting, and medially rotating the patient's arm while pushing the humerus posteriorly?

Which test involves palpating the posterior humeral head while bringing the patient's arm into horizontal adduction to the forward flexed position, and feeling the humeral head slide posteriorly?

Which test is used to assess posterior instability by elevating the patient's shoulder to 90° while stabilizing the scapula, and palpating the posterior humeral head for sliding posteriorly?

What is the purpose of the Feagin test in shoulder examination?

Which test is used to assess the inferior glenohumeral ligament and a possible inferior labral tear?

What is the purpose of the HERI Test in shoulder examination?

What is the purpose of the Knee-Shoulder Test in shoulder examination?

What is the purpose of the Rowe Test for Multidirectional Instability in shoulder examination?

What is the purpose of the Hyperextension-Internal Rotation (HERI) Test in shoulder examination?

Which grade of anterior translation is considered normal when the humeral head translates up to 50% of its diameter and reduces spontaneously?

What is the expected amount of posterior translation of the humeral head considered normal?

What is the recommended position of the patient during the load and shift test for anterior translation?

What is the ideal position of the patient's arm during the load and shift test for anterior translation?

Which direction of translation is normally expected to be greater when performing the load and shift test for anterior translation?

What force is applied by the examiner to test anterior translation during the load and shift test?

Which test is used to assess for posterior instability or dislocation of the humerus?

What is the normal range of posterior translation of the humeral head during the posterior drawer test?

Which test is similar to the Norwood test but without the horizontal adduction?

Which test is used to assess for posterior instability and demonstrates significant posterior translation of the humeral head?

Which test is a modification of the sulcus sign test and is used to assess for abduction inferior stability?

What does a positive test result in the Push-Pull Test indicate?

Which test is used to assess the inferior glenohumeral ligament and a possible inferior labral tear?

What is the purpose of the Hyperextension-Internal Rotation (HERI) test?

Which test is used to evaluate for anterior and multidirectional instability?

What is the recommended position for the patient during the Jobe relocation test?

Which test involves the examiner pushing the humeral head anteriorly and inferiorly while the patient's arm is extended 20° to 30° from the vertical position?

What is the purpose of the knee-shoulder test?

What is the best test for assessing posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) lesion?

Which test is performed by extending the patient's arm while maintaining slight abduction, bringing the arm over the top and into the flexed and adducted position, and palpating the posterior aspect of the shoulder for subluxation?

What is a positive test result in the jerk test (Jahnke test) indicative of?

Which test is used to assess posterior subluxation of the humerus and involves flexing, adducting, and medially rotating the arm while pushing the humerus posteriorly?

What is the recommended position for measuring lateral rotation in shoulder examination?

Which ligament primarily limits inferior translation and helps to limit lateral rotation below 60° of abduction?

Which of the following tests is used to assess for anterior shoulder instability by pushing the humeral head forward while the patient lies supine with the hand of the affected side behind their head?

Which of the following tests is used to assess for posterior shoulder instability by applying a posterior translation force to the humerus while the arm is in scaption with lateral rotation?

Which ligament is primarily involved in limiting anterior translation of the humerus during shoulder examination?

Which of the following statements about the anterior translation of the humerus during shoulder examination is NOT true?

Which of the following statements about the posterior translation of the humerus during shoulder examination is NOT true?

Which of the following is NOT a test used to assess for anterior shoulder instability?

Which position is the patient placed in for the Speed test?

What is the purpose of the Biceps Load Test (Kim Test II)?

What is the recommended position for the patient during the Clunk Test?

What is the primary cause of impingement in older patients?

What is the recommended arm position for the Anterior Slide Test?

What is the purpose of the modified test for labral abnormalities?

Which position is the patient in during the Rowe test for multidirectional instability?

Which part of the humeral head is palpated during the Rowe test for anterior instability?

How is the humeral head pushed during the Rowe test for posterior instability?

What is the purpose of the Sulcus Sign test?

What does a positive Sulcus Sign indicate?

How is the Sulcus Sign graded?

Which position is recommended for testing for inferior instability in the shoulder?

Which of the following tests is NOT recommended for assessing anterior shoulder impingement?

What is the purpose of the Hawkins-Kennedy Impingement Test?

What is the Yocum test a modification of?

In which position is the anterior capsule tested to stress it during shoulder examination?

What does a positive test in the Impingement Test indicate?

Which test is used to assess for impingement and rotator cuff pathology?

Which type of labral tear involves a tear in the superior labrum and instability of the labral-biceps complex?

Which direction does the labrum detach in a reverse Bankart lesion?

What is the primary cause of a SLAP lesion in overhead athletes?

Which test is NOT considered accurate for diagnosing a SLAP lesion?

Why are tests for labral lesions often not definitive?

Which test is used to differentiate between an outlet (subacromial) impingement and an intra-articular (nonoutlet) problem?

Which test is considered positive in a patient who has a positive impingement test if the patient has good strength in lateral rotation but not medial rotation?

Which test is used to test the posterior capsule by placing the humerus in 60° to 70° of abduction and 20° to 30° of flexion followed by passive medial rotation?

Which test involves pushing the head of the humerus inferiorly as the arm is abducted or laterally rotated to assess for mechanical impingement under the acromion?

Which test is used to assess for impingement by passively and forcibly fully elevating the patient's arm in the scapular plane with the arm medially rotated by the examiner?

Which test is used to assess for impingement by passively abducting the shoulder to 90° to 110°, with 15° to 20° extension and maximum lateral rotation?

Which position is the patient placed in for the anterior slide test?

What is the purpose of the biceps load test (Kim Test II)?

What is the recommended position for the patient during the clunk test?

What does a positive test in the anterior slide test indicate?

What is the primary cause of impingement in older patients?

What is the position called when the shoulder no longer abducts at about 120° of abduction due to the catching of the greater tuberosity in the subacromial space?

Which test is recommended for swimmers and is performed at 135° abduction?

What is the purpose of comparing one side of the body with the other during an assessment?

What ligament forms an arch over the humeral head, acting as a block to superior translation?

What is the most common congenital deformity of the shoulder complex?

Which muscle is responsible for winging of the scapula during abduction and forward flexion?

What does a GIRD/GERG ratio greater than 1 indicate?

Which test is used to assess anterior instability in the shoulder?

What is the purpose of the Sulcus Sign Test?

How is the Rowe Test for Multidirectional Instability performed?

What does a positive Sulcus Sign indicate?

How is the Sulcus Sign graded?

What is the significance of a bilateral Sulcus Sign?