Shock

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What is the primary imbalance that characterizes shock?

Between oxygen demand and oxygen supply (correct)
Between venous lactate and arterial lactate
Between cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance
Between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure

What is the formula to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

MAP = SBP + (2 x DBP) / 3 (correct)
MAP = SBP + (DBP / 3)
MAP = (SBP + DBP) / 2
MAP = SBP - DBP

What is a common hemodynamic parameter consistent with shock?

Decreased heart rate
Increased systolic blood pressure
Decreased systolic blood pressure (correct)
Increased systemic vascular resistance

What is the function of cardiac output (CO) in blood pressure regulation?

CO is a function of heart rate and stroke volume (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a laboratory parameter that may be suggestive of shock?

Increased aPTT, PT/INR (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct measurement obtained from an arterial line?

Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment in cardiogenic shock?

Decrease cardiac workload (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock is characterized by a decrease in blood volume?

Hypovolemic shock (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for hypovolemic shock?

Volume resuscitation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of distributive shock?

Hypovolemic shock (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which albumin leaks into the extravascular space soon after administration?

Increased permeability of capillary walls (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for preferring blood products over crystalloids for volume expansion in moderate to severe hemorrhagic shock?

Provision of physiologic benefits beyond volume expansion (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of alpha 1 receptor stimulation on hemodynamic parameters?

Increase in systemic vascular resistance (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum recommended sodium correction in the first 24 hours for patients with hypernatremia?

10 mEq (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of permissive hypotension in hemorrhagic shock management?

Minimization of blood loss (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the extracellular compartment is composed of intravascular fluid?

33% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hypertonic fluids on fluid distribution?

They pull fluid from intracellular to extracellular spaces (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the distribution of fluids between intravascular and interstitial spaces?

Tonicity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to 1 L of D5W when given to a patient?

666 mL distributes to the intracellular compartment, and 333 mL distributes to the extracellular compartment (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of a liter of isotonic fluid will remain in the intravascular compartment?

75% (A) Signup and view all the answers

In neurogenic shock, what is the primary effect on vascular tone?

Decreased vascular tone (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is most appropriate for treating hypotension with bradycardia in neurogenic shock?

Dopamine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of anaphylactic shock?

Widespread vasodilation due to histamine release (D) Signup and view all the answers

In neurogenic shock, what is the effect on heart rate?

Bradycardia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of fluid resuscitation in neurogenic shock?

Ensure vascular repletion (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome measured in the SMART trial?

Major adverse kidney event within 30 days (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a concern when using lactated Ringer's solution?

Compatibility issues with calcium (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which colloids exert their effect?

Oncotic force (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a myth about balanced salt solutions?

They contain potassium and can't be used in renal dysfunction (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why colloids are not used more frequently?

Unclear benefit in clinical outcomes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of beta-2 receptor stimulation in anaphylaxis?

Dilation of airways (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock is characterized by an obstruction of blood flow or cardiac wall motion?

Obstructive shock (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dose of epinephrine in pediatric anaphylaxis management?

0.01 mg/kg/dose, max of 0.3 mg (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of fluid resuscitation in shock management?

To restore perfusion of vital organs (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common treatment for anaphylaxis?

Nitroglycerin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of alpha-1 receptor stimulation on hemodynamic parameters?

Vasoconstriction (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock is characterized by decreased cardiac contractility?

Cardiogenic shock (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended route of administration for epinephrine in anaphylaxis?

Intramuscular (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of beta-1 receptor stimulation on hemodynamic parameters?

Increased cardiac contractility (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for obstructive shock?

Correction of the underlying obstruction (B) Signup and view all the answers