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Questions and Answers
What does ductility represent in material properties?
What does ductility represent in material properties?
Which system is used for measuring hardness with specified indenters and loads for each scale?
Which system is used for measuring hardness with specified indenters and loads for each scale?
What is the relationship between ultimate strength and Brinell hardness number for many materials?
What is the relationship between ultimate strength and Brinell hardness number for many materials?
What test is used to determine brittleness and impact strength in materials?
What test is used to determine brittleness and impact strength in materials?
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How is the impact value computed in a Charpy notched-bar test?
How is the impact value computed in a Charpy notched-bar test?
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What does a sharp transition from ductile to brittle at a certain temperature indicate?
What does a sharp transition from ductile to brittle at a certain temperature indicate?
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How does increasing strain rate affect the strengths of materials under impact conditions?
How does increasing strain rate affect the strengths of materials under impact conditions?
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Study Notes
Material Properties
- Induction hardening or flame hardening: a process to harden the surface of a material.
- Alloy steels: contain elements like Chromium, Nickel, Manganese, Silicon, Molybdenum, Vanadium, and Tungsten.
Corrosion-Resistant Steels
- Stainless steels: Iron-base alloys with at least 12% chromium, resist many corrosive conditions.
- Four types of stainless steels: Ferritic chromium, Austenitic chromium-nickel, Martensitic, and Precipitation-hardenable.
Casting Materials
- Gray Cast Iron: a type of cast iron.
- Ductile and Nodular Cast Iron: types of cast iron.
- White Cast Iron: a type of cast iron.
- Malleable Cast Iron: a type of cast iron.
- Alloy Cast Iron: a type of cast iron.
- Cast Steel: a type of metal alloy.
Nonferrous Metals
- Aluminum: a nonferrous metal.
- Magnesium: a nonferrous metal.
- Titanium: a nonferrous metal.
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Copper-based alloys:
- Brass: an alloy of copper and zinc.
- Phosphor bronze: an alloy of copper, tin, and phosphorus.
- Aluminum bronze: an alloy of copper and aluminum.
Plastics
- Thermoplastic: a plastic that flows or is moldable when heat is applied.
- Thermoset: a plastic for which the polymerization process is finished in a hot molding press.
Composite Materials
- Composite materials: formed from two or more dissimilar materials, each contributing to the final properties.
- Materials remain distinct from each other at the macroscopic level.
- Usually amorphous and non-isotropic.
- Common filler types: laminates of filler to provide stiffness and strength, and a matrix to hold the material together.
Material Families and Classes
- Material Families and Classes: Different materials grouped into families and classes based on their properties.
Young's Modulus
- Young's Modulus: a measure of the stiffness of a solid material.
Torsional Strengths
- Maximum shear stress: related to the angle of twist by a specific formula.
- Torsional yield strength: corresponds to the maximum shear stress at the point where the torque-twist diagram becomes significantly non-linear.
- Modulus of rupture: corresponds to the torque at the maximum point on the torque-twist diagram.
Resilience
- Resilience: the capacity of a material to absorb energy within its elastic range.
- Modulus of resilience: the energy absorbed per unit volume without permanent deformation.
Toughness
- Toughness: the capacity of a material to absorb energy without fracture.
- Modulus of toughness: the energy absorbed per unit volume without fracture.
Statistical Significance of Material Properties
- Material properties are distributional and thus statistical in nature.
- Histogram of probability density: a graph showing the number of occurrences of a specific material property.
Cold Work
- Cold work: the process of plastic straining below the recrystallization temperature in the plastic region of the stress-strain diagram.
- The yield point is effectively increased.
- Material is said to have been cold-worked, or strain-hardened.
Reduction in Area
- Reduction in area: a measure of ductility.
- Ductility: represents the ability of a material to absorb overloads and to be cold-worked.
Cold-work Factor
- Cold-work factor W: a measure of the quantity of cold work.
Hardness
- Hardness: the resistance of a material to penetration by a pointed tool.
- Rockwell and Brinell: two common hardness-measuring systems.
Strength and Hardness
- Relationship between ultimate strength and Brinell hardness number: approximately linear for many materials.
Impact Properties
- Impact properties: measured using the Charpy notched-bar test.
- Energy absorbed, called impact value, is computed from height of swing after fracture.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Alloy Steels Chromium, Nickel, Manganese, Silicon, Molybdenum, Vanadium, Tungsten, and Corrosion-Resistant Steels such as Stainless Steels. Learn about induction hardening, flame hardening, and different types of stainless steels.
