sco, brics, swiss peace summit

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of the Partnership for Global Infrastructure (PGII) by 2027?

  • To create a non-aligned foreign policy
  • To enhance AI safety measures worldwide
  • To mobilise up to $600 billion (correct)
  • To establish new corridors in Africa

Which corridor received support from the G7 during the 2022 summit?

  • Northern Corridor
  • India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor
  • Lobito Corridor (correct)
  • Silk Road Economic Corridor

Which countries were involved in the Final Joint Communique at the Swiss Peace Summit?

  • 80 countries and 4 organizations (correct)
  • 100 delegates from NATO countries
  • Only G7 countries
  • Turkey and Russia

What was a significant consequence of the 2023 G7 summit regarding AI?

<p>Creation of the Hiroshima AI Process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which summit resulted in the signing of the IMEC agreement?

<p>2023 G20 Summit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of G7 regarding emissions reduction by 2030?

<p>Achieving a 40-42% reduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the Swiss Peace Summit's Final Joint Communique?

<p>Addressing nuclear safety, global food security, and humanitarian issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries did not sign the Final Joint Communique at the Swiss Peace Summit?

<p>India, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, UAE (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does India's economy compare to the G7 member countries?

<p>Larger than four G7 member countries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event influenced India's non-aligned foreign policy?

<p>Bandung Conference in Indonesia, 1955 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did Iran officially join the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation?

<p>2023 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which city is the Secretariat of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation located in?

<p>Beijing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the founding members of the Shanghai Five?

<p>Ukraine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the world’s population did the SCO represent prior to Iran's inclusion?

<p>42% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body is the supreme decision-making entity in the SCO?

<p>Heads of States Council (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country joined the SCO in 2024?

<p>Belarus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event marked the first physical startup forum for the SCO?

<p>3rd edition in New Delhi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries is NOT an observer state of the SCO?

<p>India (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is currently serving as the Secretary General of the SCO?

<p>Zhang Ming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theme was established for the first meeting of the Special Working Group on Startups and Innovation?

<p>Growing from Roots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key strategy was outlined for the SCO's economic development plan?

<p>Economic development strategy action plan until 2030 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the official formation of BRICS with its current members?

<p>Acceptance of South Africa in 2010 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the G7's establishment in 1975?

<p>Economic and financial cooperation in response to the 1973 energy crisis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries joined BRICS as a new member on January 1, 2024?

<p>Egypt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused the dissolution of the Bretton Woods System in 1971?

<p>Introduction of floating exchange rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which international organization hosted the first G7 summit?

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major BRICS initiative was established in 2014?

<p>New Development Bank (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which port ranked first in the Container Port Performance Index in 2023?

<p>Yangshan Port (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the 50th G7 summit?

<p>Additional funds for Ukraine amounting to $50 billion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant declaration was recognized during the BRICS summit in 2023?

<p>Johannesburg Declaration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

SCO Founding Year

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation was established in 2001.

SCO Membership (2024)

The SCO currently has 10 member states.

SCO Supreme Body

The Heads of State Council (HSC) is the highest decision-making body in the SCO.

SCO Official Languages

The official languages of the SCO are Russian and Chinese.

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SCO Startup Forum (2024)

The 4th edition of the SCO Startup Forum was held in New Delhi in 2024.

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SCO Startup Forum Host 2025

India will host the 5th edition of the SCO startup forum in 2025.

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SCO Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS)

Executive Committee of the RATS is located in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

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SCO Secretariat Location

The SCO's Secretariat is located in Beijing, China.

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SCO Member Countries(2017)

India and Pakistan joined the SCO in 2017.

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SCO Member Country (2023)

Iran joined the SCO in 2023.

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BRICS

An economic bloc for leading emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa).

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SCO

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: an intergovernmental organization focusing on regional security and economic cooperation.

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G7

Group of Seven (G7) is a forum of leading developed economies (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, and the US).

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New Development Bank

A multilateral development bank established by BRICS nations, focusing on infrastructure projects in emerging economies.

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Astana Declaration

A declaration by SCO member states endorsing Kazakhstan's initiative on a united world, harmony and development.

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Brics Contingent Reserve

A financial mechanism for financial stability and aid under BRICS.

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BRICS Expansion (2023)

Addition of new members (Ethiopia, Egypt, Iran, and UAE) to BRICS in 2024.

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Ufa Declaration BRICS

Key outcome from the 7th BRICS Summit in Russia (Ufa).

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50th G7 Summit

The 50th summit of the G7, held in Italy in June 2024.

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Bretton Woods System

A post-WWII monetary system that pegged the US dollar to gold, significantly impacting global finance.

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What is PGII?

The Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) is an initiative launched by the US and G7 allies to mobilize up to $600 billion for infrastructure projects globally by 2027. It aims to counter China's Belt and Road initiative.

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When was PGII launched?

The Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) was launched at the 48th G7 summit held in Germany in 2022.

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What is IMEC?

The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) is a proposed trade route connecting these regions. It's an ambitious project aimed at fostering economic cooperation and development.

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When was IMEC signed?

The IMEC was signed at the G20 summit held in New Delhi, India, in September 2023.

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Hiroshima AI Process

The Hiroshima AI Process was a set of guidelines and principles adopted by the G7 to ensure the safe and ethical development of artificial intelligence.

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What is the Swiss Peace Summit?

The Swiss Peace Summit, also known as the 'Path to Peace Summit,' was a two-day summit held in Switzerland in June 2024, aiming to find a peaceful resolution to the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

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Why wasn't Russia invited?

Russia was not invited to the Swiss Peace Summit due to the International Criminal Court's indictment of President Vladimir Putin.

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What is India's stance on the conflict?

India has a non-aligned foreign policy regarding the Russia-Ukraine conflict. It means India does not take sides in the conflict and emphasizes diplomatic solutions for peace.

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What are the Minsk Agreements?

The Minsk Agreements, signed in 2014 and 2015, were attempts to resolve the conflict in eastern Ukraine through a ceasefire and political negotiations.

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What is Zelenskyy's 10-point peace plan?

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy proposed a 10-point peace plan to end the conflict with Russia. The plan includes aspects like territorial integrity, security guarantees, and accountability for Russian aggression.

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Study Notes

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

  • Established in 2001 in Shanghai, China.
  • Charter signed in 2002 in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and entered into force in 2003.
  • First summit held in Beijing in September 2003.
  • Secretariat located in Beijing, China.
  • Official languages are Russian and Chinese.
  • Supreme body is the Council of Heads of State (HSC).
  • Current Secretary General: Zhang Ming.
  • Originated from the Shanghai Five (established in 1996).
  • Founding members of Shanghai Five: China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan.
  • Six founding members of SCO: Shanghai Five + Uzbekistan.
  • Current membership: 10 countries.
  • India and Pakistan joined in 2017.
  • Iran joined in 2023.
  • Belarus joined in 2024.
  • Belarus was a dialogue partner in 2010 and an observer state in 2015.
  • Observer states: Afghanistan, Mongolia + 14 dialogue partners.
  • Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) Executive Committee: Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
  • SCO decision-making bodies: HSC and Heads of Government Council (CHG).
  • SCO represented approximately 42% of the global population, 22% of land area, and 20% of GDP (prior to Iran).
  • SCO in India: Hosted 4th SCO startup forum in New Delhi in March 2024, will host the 5th in 2025.
  • India's permanent chairmanship of a Special Working Group (SWG) on Startups and Innovation, with 1st SWG hosted by India and titled "Growing from Roots."

SCO Summit 2024

  • 24th SCO Summit held in Astana, Kazakhstan.
  • India represented by S. Jaishankar.
  • Astana Declaration endorsed "World Unity for a Just Peace, Harmony and Development" initiative by Kazakhstan.
  • Aims to create a multipolar world with a central UN coordinating role.
  • Key ideas adopted: Astana Declaration, SCO's role in global peace and a new democratic/economic order, 2025-27 separatism/extremism strategy, 2024-29 anti-drug strategy, 2030 economic development strategy action plan, 2030 energy cooperation strategies, cooperation program to counter terrorism, 25 strategic agreements on energy, security, trade, finance, and information security.

BRICS

  • Economic bloc for leading emerging economies.
  • Founded as BRIC in 2009: Brazil, Russia, India, China.
  • HQ in Shanghai, China.
  • First summit in Yekaterinburg, Russia (2009).
  • South Africa became a full member in 2010.
  • BRICS expansion in 2023.
  • Russia assumed chairmanship in 2024.
  • Four countries joined in January 2024: Ethiopia, Egypt, Iran, UAE.
  • BRICS now has 9 members.
  • 16th summit scheduled for October 2024 in Russia.

BRICS Initiatives

  • New Development Bank (NDB): Established in 2014 (Fortaleza, Brazil); operational since 2016; located in Shanghai, China.
  • BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement: Legal basis formed in 2014 (Fortaleza, Brazil); operational since 2015; located in Moscow, Russia, with lending capacity of $100 billion.
  • BRICS Business Council: Durban, USA.

G7

  • Established in 1975 as G6, became G7 with the addition of Canada in 1976.
  • First summit in Rambouillet, France (1975).
  • Formed as a platform for economic and financial cooperation post-1973-1974 energy crisis (result of 1973 Yom Kippur War).
  • Russia joined in 1998 to form G8, expelled in 2014.

Bretton Woods System

  • Founded after WWII through the Bretton Woods Agreement (1944).
  • 44 countries participating.
  • Dollar pegged to gold ($35/oz).
  • System dissolved in 1971.

50th G7 Summit

  • Held in June 2024 in Puglia, Italy.
  • Theme: Building a resilient and inclusive economy.
  • Initiatives: Additional $50 billion funding for Ukraine, Mattei Plan (Italian development initiative for African countries), Partnership for Global Infrastructure (PGII), support for India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), Hiroshima AI Process.
  • G7 aims for 40-42% emission reduction by 2030.

Swiss Peace Summit

  • Held in June 2024 in Switzerland.
  • Title: "Path to Peace Summit."
  • Focused on: Nuclear safety, global food security, humanitarian issues.

Ukraine

  • Ukraine's 10-point peace plan promoted by President Zelenskyy.

India's Stance on Russia-Ukraine Conflict

  • Non-aligned foreign policy, origins in the 1955 Bandung (Indonesia) Conference.

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