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Questions and Answers
ما هي الفائدة الرئيسية من استخدام تطبيق CamScanner؟
ما هي الفائدة الرئيسية من استخدام تطبيق CamScanner؟
ما هي إحدى المميزات التي يقدمها CamScanner للمستخدمين؟
ما هي إحدى المميزات التي يقدمها CamScanner للمستخدمين؟
كيف يمكن للمستخدم تحسين جودة الوثائق الممسوحة ضوئياً في CamScanner؟
كيف يمكن للمستخدم تحسين جودة الوثائق الممسوحة ضوئياً في CamScanner؟
أي من الخيارات التالية لا يعتبر ميزة في تطبيق CamScanner؟
أي من الخيارات التالية لا يعتبر ميزة في تطبيق CamScanner؟
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ما الوظيفة الأساسية لتطبيق CamScanner؟
ما الوظيفة الأساسية لتطبيق CamScanner؟
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ما هي الطريقة التي يمكن من خلالها الوصول إلى CamScanner؟
ما هي الطريقة التي يمكن من خلالها الوصول إلى CamScanner؟
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أي من الخيارات التالية يمثل ميزة من ميزات CamScanner؟
أي من الخيارات التالية يمثل ميزة من ميزات CamScanner؟
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كيف يمكن لمستخدمي CamScanner تحسين جودة المسح الضوئي؟
كيف يمكن لمستخدمي CamScanner تحسين جودة المسح الضوئي؟
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أي من الخيارات التالية ليس مرتبطًا بوظائف CamScanner؟
أي من الخيارات التالية ليس مرتبطًا بوظائف CamScanner؟
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ما هو الاستخدام الأكثر شيوعًا لتطبيق CamScanner؟
ما هو الاستخدام الأكثر شيوعًا لتطبيق CamScanner؟
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Study Notes
Clinical Pharmacy
- Defined as the area of pharmacy focused on the science and practice of rational medication use.
- A healthcare science that optimizes medication therapy, and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention.
Clinical Duties
- Prescription monitoring
- Prescribing advice to medical and nursing staff
- Medication errors and adverse drug reaction reporting
- Medication history-taking and medicines reconciliation
- Patient education and counselling
- Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug level monitoring
- Personalised medicine
- Education and training
- Medicines formularies
- Clinical outcomes
- Professional and clinical audit
Prescription Monitoring
- Reviews prescriptions to identify medication dosing errors, appropriate administration routes, drug interactions, and other potential problems
- Patients are questioned about their medication histories, including allergies, intolerances, treatment efficacy , side-effects and adverse reactions.
Prescribing Advice to Medical and Nursing Staff
- Provides support with medicine choice and dosage
- Explains methods of administration
- Outlines potential side effects
- Discusses potential interactions
- Offers guidance on monitoring requirements
Medication Errors and Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting
- Adverse drug events are a significant issue with medication errors causing roughly 25% of reported incidents impacting patient safety.
- Pharmacists have an important role in detecting and managing ADRs.
- The Yellow Card Scheme allows pharmacists and other healthcare professionals to submit reports of suspected adverse drug reactions.
Patient Education and Counselling
- Important component of clinical pharmacy for patients to understand their medicines and how to take them.
- Aims to empower patients to actively participate in managing their care.
- Helps to improve patient knowledge of their treatment and adherence.
Medication History-taking and Reconciliation
- Pharmacists and are often more accurate taking and recording medical histories than other clinicians on admission.
- Reconciliation involves compiling and comparing medication information from various sources to create a complete and up-to-date summary to compare to hospital records.
Principles in Medicine Use
- Medicines should be used when they are necessary
- Weighing benefits and risks of using a drug
Patient Compliance (Adherence)
- Patient compliance, or adherence, is the degree to which patients follow treatment recommendations.
- Low compliance rates occur frequently with long-term conditions.
- Poor compliance can result in increased healthcare costs and potentially negative outcomes.
Clinical Outcomes
- Evaluation of the success and quality of medical care.
- Standardised mortality rates can be a measure to asses overall healthcare organisation success.
- Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) are used to gauge satisfaction levels of patients with healthcare providers.
Professional and Clinical Audit
- An audit involves assessing clinical practices, identifying areas for improvement, and implementing changes to enhance quality of care.
- Clinical pharmacists can play a role in various audits, examining specific services, treatments or interventions.
Personlised Medicine
- Tailoring treatments based on individual patient needs.
- Use of biological markers rather than simple clinical outcomes.
- Employing pharmacogenetics for understanding how patients respond to drugs.
Integrated Medicines Management
- Bringing together several elements of clinical pharmacy for better patient care at different stages of patient stay (e.g. admission, monitoring, counselling/discharge).
- Demonstrated improvements include reduced length of stay, reduced readmission rates, and positive clinical outcomes.
Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Level Monitoring
- Understanding how drugs are processed in patients for tailored dosing.
- Important for situations like different ages, kidney or liver impairment.
- Drug interactions and potential side effects might be predicted or detected.
- Therapeutic drug level monitoring can help treat patients safely.
Education and Training
- Recognises the importance for clinical pharmacists to participate in and conduct education for other health care professionals and in postgraduate courses.
- The expanded roles of clinical pharmacists in the hospital setting require training and postgraduate education for effective care.
Medicines Formularies
- Pharmacists contribute to formulary development.
- A formulary is a list of recommended medicines or drugs for specific patient populations.
- Formulaires are used to ensure that prescribed medicines follow recognised guidelines, are safe, and effective for individuals.
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