Sexual Dysfunction and Disorders

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Questions and Answers

At what age is the HPV vaccine recommended for children?

5-7 years old

20-22 years old

11-12 years old (correct)

15-16 years old

How many shots are needed for children between ages 9 to 15 to be fully protected with the HPV vaccine?

Four shots

Three shots

One shot

Two shots (correct)

What does HSV stand for?

Herpes Simplex Virus

HIV can potentially lead to stage 3 HIV, known as ________.

AIDS Signup and view all the answers

There is no cure for HIV yet.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the term STD stand for?

Sexually Transmitted Disease Signup and view all the answers

What may an STD also be called?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

STIs are caused by microscopic organisms not normally found in the body.

True Signup and view all the answers

______ can cause a variety of symptoms, from discomfort to permanent bodily damage.

STIs Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of death worldwide among those aged 15-59?

AIDS Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are contraindications for Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCPs)?

History of high blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Progestin-only pills (POPs) do not contain estrogen.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs)?

Prevent the release of an egg or delay its release Signup and view all the answers

Progestin-only injectables are given by injection into the _____ or just under the skin.

muscle Signup and view all the answers

Match the contraceptive method with its mechanism of action:

Progestin-only pills (POPs) = Thickening cervical mucus and disrupting ovulation Copper-Bearing Intrauterine Device = Damaging sperm and egg before meeting Combined Vaginal Rings = Preventing the release of eggs from the ovaries Signup and view all the answers

What is sexual dysfunction?

Difficulty experienced during any stage of normal sexual activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common form of ejaculation problem?

Premature ejaculation Signup and view all the answers

Priapism is a condition where the penis continues its erection involuntarily for more than 4-6 hours.

True Signup and view all the answers

___ disease causes the penis to bend to one side during an erection.

Peyroni Signup and view all the answers

Match the sexual disorder with its description:

Vaginismus = Involuntary muscle spasm that closes the opening to the vagina Dyspareunia = Painful or difficult sexual intercourse in females HSDD = Deficient excitation or excessive inhibition contributing to sexual desire disorder FOD = Difficulty reaching orgasm despite adequate stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What are the three categories of sexual dysfunction according to DSM-5?

<ol> <li>Sexual desire, arousal, and interest disorders; 2. Orgasmic disorders; 3. Sexual pain disorders</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the criteria for Male Erectile Disorder in DSM-5?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Pedophiles are attracted only to children.

False Signup and view all the answers

____ is the most common subtype of pedohebephilic disorder.

Father-daughter type Signup and view all the answers

What does GID stand for?

Gender Identity Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the common characteristics of sexuality during pregnancy that can lead to sexual distress?

Changes in sexual functioning Signup and view all the answers

Episiotomy involves a cut made during labor to reduce vaginal opening size.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects of hormonal changes with the correct descriptions:

Vaginal dryness = May lead to painful intercourse Nipple tenderness = Decreased breast sensation in some breastfeeding mothers Decreased Vaginal Muscle Tone = The vagina may feel less tight during intercourse Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Voyeuristic Disorder?

Sexually arousing fantasies while observing others unclothed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary behavior associated with Exhibitionistic Disorder?

exposing one's genitals Signup and view all the answers

Exhibitionists who obtain gratification from the victim's fear or disgust are considered dangerous.

False Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take for kissing lesions to heal with scarring?

3-6 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Frotteuristic Disorder involves sexually oriented touching of a ________ person.

nonconsenting Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the Secondary / Latent Stage of Syphilis?

Patients may relapse after the first year Signup and view all the answers

Organisms can be cultured to diagnose Syphilis.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following disorders with their primary characteristics:

Sexual Sadism Disorder = Inflicting pain on another person for sexual gratification Sexual Masochism Disorder = Obtaining sexual gratification through receiving pain or humiliation Asphyxiophilia = Sexual arousal by oxygen deprivation Signup and view all the answers

Withdrawal method is also known as coitus ________.

interruptus Signup and view all the answers

Match the Barrier Methods with their descriptions:

Male Condoms = Protect against sexually transmitted infections, more than 80% effective against pregnancy Female Condoms = Should not be used with male condoms, about 79% effective for contraception Diaphragm = Barrier method that needs spermicide, close to 90% effective Cervical Cap = Soft cup placed deep inside the vagina, about 70 to 85% effective Spermicide = Chemical inactivates sperm, about 71% effective Signup and view all the answers

What hormone do implants release in a woman's body?

progestin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills?

Prevent release of eggs Signup and view all the answers

OCPs cause birth defects.

False Signup and view all the answers

What can new mothers do to address feeling sexually undesirable after childbirth?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Is it safe to have sexual intercourse throughout pregnancy?

True Signup and view all the answers

Can intercourse cause labor to start?

False Signup and view all the answers

How does pregnancy affect a woman's sexual desire, needs, and satisfaction?

A woman experiences hormonal, physical, and emotional changes throughout pregnancy. Signup and view all the answers

How does pregnancy affect a man's sexual desire, needs, and satisfaction?

A man may continue to find his pregnant partner sexually desirable Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sexual Function Disorders

Sexuality is a multidimensional concept, and the sexual cycle consists of several stages.
Sexual dysfunction is difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of a normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal, or orgasm.
Sexual dysfunctions can have a profound impact on an individual's perceived quality of sexual life.

Sexual Dysfunction in Men

Common problems in male sexual function:
- Erection problems
- Ejaculation problems
- Curvature and/or pain during erection in the penis
- Libido (sexual desire)

Erectile Dysfunction

The problem of erectile dysfunction in men is the inability to initiate, provide, and maintain enough stiffness for sexual intercourse.
Under the age of 40, the problem of persistent erectile dysfunction is rare, but this rate gradually increases with age.
In 70-year-old men, 65% have erectile problems.
Common causes of erectile dysfunction:
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Heart disease and high cholesterol values
- Psychological causes

Ejaculation Problems

Premature ejaculation: a condition when ejaculation occurs immediately after erection, or even before sexual intercourse.
Back (retrograde) ejaculation: semen is excreted mixed with urine in the next urinary discharge.
Priapism: a condition in which the penis continues its erection involuntarily for more than 4-6 hours, which can cause ischemia.

Libido (Sexual Desire) Problem

Libido is the desire or interest in sexual intercourse.
Men with low libido have problems not only with erectile dysfunction but also with their sexual drive.
Low testosterone levels are a common cause of low sexual drive.

Sexual Dysfunction in Women

Decreased (Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder):
- Nearly half of women (43%) reported sexual concerns, with the most common concern being low sexual desire.
- Decreased or absent spontaneous desire, responsive desire, or loss of desire to initiate or participate in sexual activity.
Female orgasmic disorder: it is often or always not experienced, delayed, or difficult to reach orgasm despite adequate sexual stimulation.

Vaginismus

Involuntary muscle spasm that closes the opening to the vagina in the female reproductive tract.
The spasm may be so intense that the vagina seems pathologically obstructed.
Vaginismus is a sexual dysfunction resulting from physiological factors, such as sexual trauma, abuse, or anxiety experienced at the prospect of sexual intercourse.

Dyspareunia

Painful or difficult sexual intercourse in the female.
Disorders are generally physical rather than psychological.
Dyspareunia may be caused by inflammation or infection of the vagina, vaginismus, remnants of the hymen, insufficient lubrication of the vagina, infection, endometriosis, tumors, or other pathologic conditions.

Sexual Rights

The Declaration of Sexual Rights is a statement on sexual rights that was first proclaimed at the 13th World Congress of Sexology.
Sexual rights are based on the freedom, dignity, and equality that all people have and include a commitment that these rights must be protected in order to be harmed.
Sexual rights protect each individual's right to live, express, and enjoy sexual health by respecting the rights of other individuals.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

STDs are conditions passed from one person to another through sexual contact.
STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
Symptoms of STDs:
- Pain or discomfort during sex or urination
- Sores, bumps, or rashes on or around the penis, vagina, anus, buttocks, thighs, or mouth
- Unusual discharge or bleeding from the penis or vagina
- Painful or swollen testicles
Types of STDs:
- Chlamydia
- Gonorrhea

Chlamydia

Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria.
Symptoms:
- Pain or discomfort during sex or urination
- Green or yellow discharge from the penis or vagina
- Pain in the lower abdomen
If a pregnant woman has untreated chlamydia, she can pass it to her baby during birth, which can cause pneumonia, eye infections, and blindness.

Gonorrhea

Caused by N. gonorrhoeae bacteria.
The incubation period is 2-14 days.
It can affect the genital tract, oro-pharynx, and anal canal.
Symptoms:
- Pain or discomfort during sex or urination
- Green or yellow discharge from the penis or vagina
- Pain in the lower abdomenHere are the study notes based on the text:
STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)*

Gonorrhea

Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Symptoms appear 1-14 days after infection
Symptoms include:
- White, yellow, beige, or green-colored discharge from penis or vagina
- Pain or discomfort during sex or urination
- More frequent urination than usual
- Itching around the genitals
- Sore throat
Can cause serious health problems in newborns if passed from mother to child during childbirth
Can be treated with antibiotics

Syphilis

Caused by Treponema pallidum
Often goes unnoticed in its early stages
Symptoms include:
- Small, round sore (chancre) on genitals, anus, or mouth
- Rash
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Headaches
- Joint pain
- Weight loss
- Hair loss
Can be treated with antibiotics, especially if caught early
If left untreated, can lead to serious health problems, including blindness and death

HPV (Human Papillomavirus)

Virus that can be passed from one person to another through intimate skin-to-skin or sexual contact
Can cause cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, penile cancer, anal cancer, and oral cancer
Symptoms include:
- Warts on the genitals, mouth, or throat
No treatment for HPV, but HPV vaccine can prevent infections and cancers
Recommended for people ages 9-45

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

Can damage the immune system and raise the risk of contracting other viruses or bacteria and certain cancers
Symptoms include:
- Fever
- Chills
- Aches and pains
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Sore throat
- Nausea
- Rashes
No cure, but treatment options are available to manage the virus

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Two main strains: HSV-1 and HSV-2
Can cause genital herpes
Symptoms include:
- Blistery sores on the genitals or mouth
No cure, but medications can help control outbreaks and alleviate symptoms

Hepatitis B and C

Viral infections that cause liver inflammation
Hepatitis B can be prevented with a vaccine
Hepatitis C spreads through contaminated blood
Symptoms include:
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
- Yellow skin and eyes (jaundice)
- Dark-colored urine
- Itchy skin
- Fluid buildup in the abdomen (ascites)
- Swelling in the legs
- Weight loss
- Confusion, drowsiness, and slurred speech (hepatic encephalopathy)
- Spider-like blood vessels on the skin (spider angiomas)

Trichomoniasis

Caused by a protozoan organism
Symptoms include:
- Discharge from the vagina or penis
- Burning or itching around the vagina or penis
- Pain or discomfort during urination or sex
- Frequent urination
Can be treated with antibiotics
Contraceptive Methods*

Withdrawal

Least effective contraceptive method
Works by keeping sperm out of the woman's body
Effectiveness depends on the ability of the couple to use withdrawal with every act of intercourse

Barrier Methods

Male Condoms

Protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
More than 80% effective against pregnancy when used correctly

Female Condoms

Can be used instead of male condoms
About 79% effective against pregnancy

Diaphragm

Barrier method of contraception placed inside the vagina
Must be used with spermicide
Close to 90% effective when used with spermicide### Barrier Methods
Diaphragm: must be inserted a few hours before intercourse, left in place for 6 hours after sex, and removed after 24 hours; does not protect against STIs
Cervical Cap: a soft silicone cup that covers the cervix to stop sperm from reaching an egg; effectiveness ranges from 70 to 85 percent; does not protect against STIs
Sponge: made of polyurethane foam and containing spermicide, placed deep inside the vagina to block entry to the uterus; 76 to 88 percent effective when used alone, further reduces risk of pregnancy and STIs when used with a condom
Spermicide: a chemical that inactivates sperm, used with forms of barrier contraception, but not with the sponge; approximately 71 percent effective

Hormonal Contraceptives

Implants: small plastic rods that release a progestin, preventing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus; 99% effective
Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs): pills that contain low doses of estrogen and progestin, preventing ovulation; 99% effective when no pill-taking mistakes are made
Side effects and benefits of OCPs: changes in bleeding patterns, headaches, dizziness, nausea, breast tenderness, mood changes, weight changes, acne, and ovarian cysts; helps protect against cancer of the lining of the uterus, ovarian cancer, symptomatic pelvic inflammatory disease, and iron-deficiency anemia

Contraindications for OCPs

Not breastfeeding and less than 3 weeks since giving birth
Not breastfeeding and between 3 and 6 weeks postpartum with additional risk of VTE
Primarily breastfeeding between 6 weeks and 6 months since giving birth
Age 35 or older and smokes fewer than 15 cigarettes a day
High blood pressure
History of high blood pressure
History of jaundice while using OCPs in the past
Gallbladder disease
Age 35 or older and has migraine headaches without aura
Diabetes for more than 20 years or damage to arteries, vision, kidneys, or nervous system caused by diabetes
Multiple risk factors for arterial cardiovascular disease

Progestin-only Pills

Do not contain estrogen, can be used throughout breastfeeding and by women who cannot use methods with estrogen
Work primarily by thickening cervical mucus and disrupting the menstrual cycle
Safe in women who smoke cigarettes, of any age, and with certain medical conditions
Reduce the risk of ectopic pregnancy

Emergency Contraceptive Pills

Help prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex
Work by preventing the release of an egg from the ovary or delaying its release
Do not disrupt an existing pregnancy or protect against STIs
All women can use ECPs safely and effectively

Progestin-only Injectables

Contain a progestin, do not contain estrogen
Can be used throughout breastfeeding and by women who cannot use methods with estrogen
Work primarily by preventing ovulation
Bleeding changes are common, but not harmful
Return of fertility is often delayed

Monthly Injectables

Contain 2 hormones, a progestin and an estrogen
Work primarily by preventing ovulation
Bleeding changes are common, but not harmful
Return of fertility is delayed

Combined Vaginal Rings

A flexible ring that a woman places in her vagina
Continuously releases 2 hormones, a progestin and an estrogen
Works primarily by preventing ovulation
Bleeding changes are common, but not harmful

Copper-Bearing Intrauterine Device

Long-term pregnancy protection
Immediately reversible
Bleeding changes are common, but not harmful
TCu-380A is effective for 12 years

Misunderstandings about IUDs

Can be used by women of any age
Can be used by women who have had children and those who have not
Rarely lead to PID
Do not increase the risk of contracting STIs, including HIV
Do not increase the risk of miscarriage when a woman becomes pregnant after the IUD is removed

Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Device

Long-term pregnancy protection
Very effective for 5 years
Immediately reversible
Makes bleeding lighter and can prevent monthly bleeding for many months

Vasectomy

Permanent contraception for men
Works by closing off each vas deferens, keeping sperm out of semen
3-month delay in taking effect
Men must use condoms or another contraceptive method for 3 months after the vasectomy