Session Topics: Earth, Solar System, Document Restrictions
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following topics will be covered in today's session?

  • Theories of the Origin of the Universe
  • Hypothesis of the Origin of the Solar System
  • The Earth's Four Subsystems
  • All of the above (correct)

Redistributing this document to a third party is allowed without prior written consent from STI Ortigas-Cainta.

False (B)

Name one major topic that will be discussed regarding the origin and structure of the Earth.

Theories of the Origin of the Universe

The session will explore the __________ of the Origin of the Solar System.

<p>Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following topics with their respective categories:

<p>Theories of the Origin of the Universe = Cosmology Hypothesis of the Origin of the Solar System = Astronomy The Earths Four subsystems = Earth Science</p> Signup and view all the answers

Without prior written consent, what action is strictly prohibited regarding the provided document?

<p>Reproduction, redistribution, or forwarding to any third party, in whole or in part. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sharing a summary of the document's contents with a close friend is permissible, as long as the original document is not shared.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of violating the document's restrictions on reproduction and distribution?

<p>Legal action</p> Signup and view all the answers

The document contains __________ and __________ information.

<p>proprietary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities would be considered a violation of the document's terms?

<p>Forwarding the document to an external consultant for review without prior consent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What broad topic will be adressed?

<p>The origin and structure of the earth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The document's restrictions apply only to the distribution of physical copies, not digital versions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following actions with their potential compliance status regarding the document's restrictions:

<p>Creating a backup copy for personal use = Likely compliant, assuming it remains under the individual's control Publishing excerpts on a public website = Non-compliant; violates redistribution restrictions Sharing with a supervisor for review = Likely compliant, within the bounds of internal review Translating the document into another language and distributing it = Non-compliant; violates reproduction and redistribution restrictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the discovery of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) support the Big Bang theory?

<p>The CMB's existence and properties, such as its uniformity and blackbody spectrum, matched predictions made by the Big Bang theory, providing strong evidence for the universe's hot, dense early state and subsequent expansion and cooling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aside from the Big Bang, explain one alternative theory about the origin of the Universe.

<p>The Steady State theory proposes that the universe has no beginning or end and maintains a constant average density, with new matter continuously being created to compensate for the expansion. This means that the universe looks roughly the same at any point in time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Steady State theory suggests that the universe is constantly expanding and decreasing in density, with no beginning or end.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the Earth's spheres is defined as the rigid and mechanically strong outer layer, divided into plates?

<p>Lithosphere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which observation provides the strongest evidence against the Steady State theory and in favor of the Big Bang theory?

<p>The cosmic microwave background radiation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Big Bang theory suggests that the universe originated from an extremely hot and dense state and has been ______ ever since.

<p>expanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hydrosphere consists of approximately 30% of Earth's surface, primarily as fresh water.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's water is fresh water?

<p>3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions within the context of the universe's origin:

<p>Big Bang Theory = The prevailing cosmological model for the universe, describing its expansion from an extremely dense and hot state. Cosmic Microwave Background = The thermal radiation left over from the time of recombination in Big Bang cosmology. Steady State Theory = A discarded cosmological model asserting a constant density of the universe and continuous creation of matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The solid body of the Earth is referred to as the _________.

<p>Geosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the cosmic microwave background (CMB) considered strong evidence for the Big Bang theory?

<p>Its existence and characteristics match predictions of the Big Bang theory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Big Bang theory suggests that the universe started from a cold and empty void.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ocean circulation regarding heat on Earth?

<p>To absorb and redistribute heat on the Earth's surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lithosphere is entirely liquid.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides ice, name two sources of fresh water on Earth.

<p>Streams, lakes, groundwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each of the following spheres to its definition:

<p>Lithosphere = Rigid outer layer of the Earth divided into plates Geosphere = Solid body of the Earth Hydrosphere = All water on Earth Biosphere = All life on Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gases makes up the largest percentage of the Earth's atmosphere?

<p>Nitrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atmospheric circulation plays a crucial role in redistributing heat on Earth's surface.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides nitrogen and oxygen, name one other gas present in the Earth's atmosphere.

<p>Argon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thin gaseous layer enveloping the lithosphere is known as the ______.

<p>atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary component of the present-day atmosphere?

<p>Hydrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The atmosphere is the solid, outermost layer of the Earth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which percentage best represents the amount of oxygen found in the current atmosphere?

<p>21% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the subsystem that is described as the thin gaseous layer that envelopes the lithosphere.

<p>Atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the biosphere?

<p>The set of all life forms on Earth and their interactions within ecosystems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis is a minor process within the biosphere and does not greatly influence other life forms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the biosphere considered a significant carbon sink?

<p>It absorbs and stores large amounts of carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The base of the food chain for the majority of life on Earth consists of ______ organisms.

<p>photosynthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each ecosystem with its description:

<p>Rainforest = High biodiversity; dense vegetation; significant role in oxygen production. Coral Reef = Underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures, high biodiversity. Deep Sea = Cold, dark environment with unique life forms adapted to high pressure and darkness. Mangroves = Coastal wetlands protecting shorelines and providing habitat for diverse species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem included within the biosphere?

<p>A plankton-rich ocean surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The biosphere only includes ecosystems on land.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name three ecosystems that the biosphere covers.

<p>Soil, rainforest, and mangroves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Big Bang Theory

Explains how universe began from an extremely hot, dense state that expanded and cooled.

Nebula

A rotating cloud of gas and dust in space.

Nebular Hypothesis

The hypothesis that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust.

Earth's Four Subsystems

The four interacting components of Earth: geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

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Geosphere

The solid part of Earth, from the surface to the center.

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Atmosphere

The thin gaseous layer enveloping the lithosphere.

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Atmospheric Composition

The atmosphere is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and small amounts of other gases.

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Atmospheric Circulation

Heat on Earth's surface gets redistributed through the movement of air.

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What is a hypothesis?

An educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

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What is the Solar System?

The system consisting of the Sun and the celestial bodies orbiting it.

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What are the hypotheses of the origin of the solar system?

Explanations of how the solar system was formed, evolved, and its destiny.

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What is the 'Origin and Structure of the Earth'?

Deals with the formation and structure of our planet.

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What does 'Reproduction... strictly prohibited' mean?

Requires permission to share or copy.

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What is 'confidential information'?

Information that's private and needs protecting.

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What is 'redistribution'?

Sharing something without the owner's permission.

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What is 'forwarding'?

Sending something to another person or place.

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Lithosphere

The rigid, mechanically strong outer layer of the Earth, divided into plates.

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Hydrosphere

All of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, streams, ice and groundwater, covering about 70% of the Earth.

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Ocean circulation

Distributes heat around the Earth.

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Heat Redistribution

Process of absorbing and moving heat on Earth's surface.

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Freshwater

Is the part of the hydrosphere that is not salty.

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Ice

Most of the freshwater is stored as this.

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Cosmic Microwave Background

The faint afterglow of thermal radiation left over from the Big Bang.

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Biosphere's coverage

All ecosystems on Earth are included in this sphere.

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Photosynthesis

A process where organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.

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Photosynthetic Organisms

The base of the food chain for most life on earth.

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Carbon Sink

A reservoir that absorbs more carbon than it releases.

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Carbon

An element that is essential for life and involved in many processes.

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Carbon Cycle

The cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.

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Earth's Internal Structure

The solid part of the Earth, extending from the surface to the center.

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Study Notes

  • The agenda includes theories of the origin of the universe, hypotheses of the origin of the solar system, and the Earth's four subsystems.

Cosmology vs Cosmogony

  • Cosmology is the study of the large-scale properties of the universe, branching from astronomy, according to NASA.
  • Cosmogony specifically deals with the origins of the universe and all objects within it, including the solar system.

Universe Theories

  • Christian Cosmology
  • Greek Philosophy
  • Scientific Shift
  • The Big Bang
  • Oscillating Universe
  • Steady-State Universe
  • Inflating Universe
  • Multiverse Model

Solar System Hypotheses

  • Encounter Hypothesis
  • Nebular Hypothesis
  • Protoplanet Hypothesis

Cosmogony: Christian Cosmology

  • It is inconsistent due to the evolving beliefs of different authors.
  • According to Genesis:
    • On day 1: The Universe and the Earth were created.
    • On day 2: The Earth's atmosphere, also known as the firmament, was created.
    • On day 3: The Earth's waters, land, and plants were created.
    • On day 4: Celestial objects visible on Earth were created.
    • On day 5: Water-dwelling and flying animals were created.
    • On day 6: Land-dwelling animals and humans were created.
    • On day 7: God rested.

Cosmogony: Greek Philosophy

  • Ancient Greek natural philosophers had different theories.
  • Anaxagoras thought everything came from a primordial universe.
  • Leucippus and Democritus believed everything is made of indestructible particles called atomos.
  • Aristotle and Ptolemy spearheaded geocentrism.
  • Geocentrism says the Earth is the center of the Cosmos, also known as the early Solar system model.

Cosmogony: Scientific Shift

  • Science became more sophisticated and evidence-based.
  • Observations and experimentation became the norms.
  • Nicolaus Copernicus proposed heliocentrism to counter geocentrism.
  • Isaac Newton described the Universe as a steady-state Universe.
  • Rene Descartes observed that Newton's Universe model is not completely empty.

Cosmogony: The Big Bang

  • It is the widely accepted theory regarding modern cosmogony.
  • It was proposed by Belgian priest, Georges Lemaitre.
  • Scientific evidence solidified the theory through the:
    • Discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background
    • Study of galactic redshifting

Cosmogony: Oscillating Universe

  • It was first introduced through the Rigveda.
  • Proposed by Albert Einstein.
  • The Universe expands and collapses cyclically.
  • The Big Bang is the expansion state.
  • The Big Crunch is the collapse.
  • The Big Crunch resets into the Big Bang and vice versa.

Cosmogony: Steady-State Universe

  • Initially proposed by Isaac Newton.
  • Proposed by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Hermann Bondi in the modern period.
  • The Universe is constant despite its expansion.
  • New matter is added to the Universe to retain its density.

Cosmogony: Inflating Universe

  • Based on the Big Bang and proposed by Alan Guth.
  • It introduced a brief early period of exponential cosmic inflation and solved some complications in the Big Bang.
  • A variation was provided by Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok in 2002.
  • This variation incorporates concepts from the superstring theory.

Cosmogony: Multiverse Model

  • Proposed by Andre Linde in 1983, stems from his chaotic inflation theory.
  • The Universe is one "bubble" in an interconnected multiverse.
  • Bryce DeWitt and Hugh Everett III also had a similar idea called the Many Worlds theory.

Solar System Hypothesis: Encounter Hypothesis

  • About 5 billion years ago, the Sun encountered a hypervelocity rogue star.
  • The Sun and the star ripped off materials from each other.
  • This material coalesced into planets, which explains their revolution direction.
  • This hypothesis does not explain how hot gases contract and coalesce.

Solar System Hypothesis: Nebular Hypothesis

  • The Solar System is made from a dense nebula.
  • The gases collapsed due to gravity.
  • The gases collapsed in a spiral movement.
  • The sun is 99% of the Solar System's mass.
  • Planets are 99% of the angular momentum.

The 4 Subsystems of the Earth

  • The Earth system is a closed system where each subsystem is interrelated.

Atmosphere

  • The atmosphere is a thin gaseous layer that envelopes the lithosphere.
  • The atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen(N), 21% oxygen(02), 0.9% argon and other trace gases.
  • Heat on the Earth's surface is redistributed through atmospheric circulation.
  • The atmosphere protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays.

Lithosphere

  • Composed of the crust and the uppermost solid mantle.
  • Includes the rocks of the crust and mantle, the metallic liquid outer core, and the solid metallic inner core.
  • Plate tectonics played an important process in shaping the Earth's surface.
  • It is rigid and mechanically strong outer layer of the Earth divided into plates.

Geosphere

  • The solid body of the earth.

Hydrosphere

  • About 70% of earth is covered with liquid water, a large portion of which is ocean water.
  • Only 3% of water on Earth is fresh.
  • Two-thirds of Earth’s water is in the form of ice, the remaining one-third is in streams, lakes and groundwater.
  • Heat is absorbed and redistributed across the Earth through ocean circulation.

Biosphere

  • The biosphere is the set of all life forms on Earth.
  • The biosphere covers all ecosystems, and the base of the food chain is comprised of photosynthetic organisms.
  • The Biosphere acts as a big carbon sink and is essential for the carbon cycle.

The Internal Structure of the Earth

  • The Earth consists of a series of layers.
    • Crust
    • Mantle
    • Outer core
    • Inner core

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Earth Science Lesson 1 Origin & Structure of Earth - PDF

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This session covers the origin and structure of the Earth and the Solar System. It also discusses document restrictions, including redistribution and reproduction. Violating these terms can lead to consequences.

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