Podcast
Questions and Answers
Total ______ protein is maintained within normal range and significant depletion appear when clinical signs are presented.
Total ______ protein is maintained within normal range and significant depletion appear when clinical signs are presented.
serum
Serum ______ has been used as an index for protein status.
Serum ______ has been used as an index for protein status.
Total Protein
______ is abundant in serum and stable with a half-life of 3 weeks.
______ is abundant in serum and stable with a half-life of 3 weeks.
albumin
Albumin is ______ in the liver.
Albumin is ______ in the liver.
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Serum Transferrin is affected by many variables including ______ diseases.
Serum Transferrin is affected by many variables including ______ diseases.
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A low level of ______ indicates prolonged protein deficiency.
A low level of ______ indicates prolonged protein deficiency.
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Kwashiorkor is characterized by a low ______ level.
Kwashiorkor is characterized by a low ______ level.
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______ deficiency anemia leads to high Serum Transferrin levels.
______ deficiency anemia leads to high Serum Transferrin levels.
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______ is an iron transport protein synthesized exclusively in the liver.
______ is an iron transport protein synthesized exclusively in the liver.
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Transthyretin (Pre-Albumin) is a transport protein for ______ and retinol-binding protein.
Transthyretin (Pre-Albumin) is a transport protein for ______ and retinol-binding protein.
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Marasmus is characterized by a ______ weight for age.
Marasmus is characterized by a ______ weight for age.
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The half-life of Transthyretin (Pre-Albumin) is ______ days.
The half-life of Transthyretin (Pre-Albumin) is ______ days.
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______ deficiency reduces the level of Transthyretin (Pre-Albumin).
______ deficiency reduces the level of Transthyretin (Pre-Albumin).
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Retinol-Binding Protein has a half-life of ______ hours.
Retinol-Binding Protein has a half-life of ______ hours.
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Retinol-Binding Protein is a ______ protein of retinol.
Retinol-Binding Protein is a ______ protein of retinol.
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Retinol-Binding Protein responds rapidly to ______ treatment.
Retinol-Binding Protein responds rapidly to ______ treatment.
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Nitrogen balance = nitrogen intake (g/24 hours) – urinary ______ (blood urea nitrogen) (g/24 hours) + 2 (g/24 hours).
Nitrogen balance = nitrogen intake (g/24 hours) – urinary ______ (blood urea nitrogen) (g/24 hours) + 2 (g/24 hours).
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Nitrogen intake = protein (grams /24 hours) / ______
Nitrogen intake = protein (grams /24 hours) / ______
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Nitrogen balance in healthy adults is ______
Nitrogen balance in healthy adults is ______
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Nitrogen balance is positive in growing ______, pregnant women, adults gaining weight or recovering from illness or injury
Nitrogen balance is positive in growing ______, pregnant women, adults gaining weight or recovering from illness or injury
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______ phase protein is synthesized in the liver.
______ phase protein is synthesized in the liver.
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The normal value of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is less than ______ mg/dl
The normal value of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is less than ______ mg/dl
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One of the common causes of nutritional anemia is a low intake of ______ and folate.
One of the common causes of nutritional anemia is a low intake of ______ and folate.
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Macrocytic Normochromic anemia is caused by a deficiency of ______ or B12.
Macrocytic Normochromic anemia is caused by a deficiency of ______ or B12.
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Anemia can be classified based on cell size into _______, _______, and _______ types.
Anemia can be classified based on cell size into _______, _______, and _______ types.
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Transferrin is a ______ for iron.
Transferrin is a ______ for iron.
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________ in the body includes 70% in red blood cells, 4% in muscle oxygen-binding protein, and 1% in enzymes.
________ in the body includes 70% in red blood cells, 4% in muscle oxygen-binding protein, and 1% in enzymes.
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Storage iron is mainly stored in the _______, spleen, and ______ marrow.
Storage iron is mainly stored in the _______, spleen, and ______ marrow.
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The three stages of iron deficiency are iron depletion, iron deficient _______, and iron deficiency _______.
The three stages of iron deficiency are iron depletion, iron deficient _______, and iron deficiency _______.
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Hemoglobin is the most widely used test for ______ deficiency anemia.
Hemoglobin is the most widely used test for ______ deficiency anemia.
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The morning hemoglobin value is ______ than the evening value.
The morning hemoglobin value is ______ than the evening value.
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Hematocrit represents the ______ cell volume, expressed as a percent of the total blood volume.
Hematocrit represents the ______ cell volume, expressed as a percent of the total blood volume.
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The volume or size of average red blood cells is known as ______ Cell Volume (MCV).
The volume or size of average red blood cells is known as ______ Cell Volume (MCV).
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Low ______ is a relatively specific index for iron deficiency anemia.
Low ______ is a relatively specific index for iron deficiency anemia.
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Iron deficiency anemia is a type of ______ anemia.
Iron deficiency anemia is a type of ______ anemia.
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Megaloblastic anemia is characterized by ______ and immature RBC.
Megaloblastic anemia is characterized by ______ and immature RBC.
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MCHC measures the ______ of Hb.in RBC.
MCHC measures the ______ of Hb.in RBC.
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Folate and/or vitamin B12 deficiency may lead to ______ anemia.
Folate and/or vitamin B12 deficiency may lead to ______ anemia.
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______ anemia is a type of megaloblastic anemia.
______ anemia is a type of megaloblastic anemia.
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MCV is decreased in ______ deficiency anemia.
MCV is decreased in ______ deficiency anemia.
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Study Notes
Protein Status Assessment
- Serum total protein is used as an index for protein status, but it's not a sensitive index and can be affected by various factors.
- Serum albumin is a classical test for assessing protein status, but it's not very sensitive for short-term changes and can be affected by confounding factors such as gastrointestinal disorders, renal diseases, and liver failure.
Serum Albumin
- Synthesized in the liver, albumin maintains colloidal oncotic pressure and transports proteins.
- Affected by other confounding factors such as gastrointestinal disorders, renal diseases, and liver failure.
- Low albumin levels can indicate prolonged protein deficiency, while high levels can indicate semi-starvation state and dehydration.
Serum Transferrin
- Synthesized exclusively in the liver, transferrin is an iron transport protein.
- Half-life is 8-10 days, and it's a negative acute-phase respondent.
- Increases when iron stores are depleted, and affected by iron status and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) status.
- Not suitable for monitoring protein status in intervention studies due to poor response to dietary treatment.
Transthyretin (Pre-Albumin)
- A transport protein for thyroxine and retinol-binding protein.
- Half-life is 2-3 days, making it more sensitive than serum albumin and transferrin in monitoring improvements in protein-energy status.
- Affected by other confounding factors such as gastrointestinal diseases, renal diseases, trauma, stress, and infections.
Retinol-Binding Protein
- A carrier protein of retinol.
- Half-life is 12 hours, and it's a negative acute-phase protein.
- Sensitive to protein status but less sensitive to energy status.
- Responds rapidly to dietary treatment.
Nitrogen Balance
- Nitrogen balance = nitrogen intake (g/24 hours) – urinary nitrogen (g/24 hours) + 2 (g/24 hours).
- Nitrogen balance is positive in growing children, pregnant women, and adults gaining weight or recovering from illness or injury.
- Nitrogen balance is negative during starvation, catabolism, and PEM.
Acute Phase Protein
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is synthesized in the liver and has a half-life of 5-7 hours.
- May increase within 4-6 hours of stress, inflammation, or trauma.
- Decreases when stress subsides.
Assessment of Nutritional Anemia
- Common causes of nutritional anemia include low intake of iron and folate, increased requirements, and increased losses due to infections.
- Types of anemia include normocytic normochromic (anemia of chronic diseases), microcytic hypochromic (iron deficiency anemia), and macrocytic normochromic (folate or B12 deficiency anemia).
Iron in the Body
- Transferrin is a transport protein for iron and a negative acute-phase protein.
- Hemoglobin contains 70% of body iron, mainly in red blood cells.
- Storage iron (ferritin) is 25% of body iron, mainly in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
Stages of Iron Deficiency
- Depletion of iron stores
- Iron deficient erythropoiesis
- Iron deficiency anemia
Assessment of Nutritional Anemia
- Hemoglobin (Hb) is the most widely used test for iron deficiency anemia, but it's not a good indicator for early iron deficiency.
- Hematocrit represents packed cell volume (PCV) and is easy to measure, but it's not sensitive for early iron deficiency.
- Mean cell volume (MCV) is a specific index for iron deficiency anemia, while mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) are less useful indicators.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of serum total protein and its relation to protein status, including its maintenance and depletion. It also touches on its sensitivity as an index for protein status.
