Sensory Receptors Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which type of receptor is specialized in detecting temperature changes?

  • Photoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors (correct)
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors

What is the primary function of sensory receptors?

  • To transmit nerve impulses to the spinal cord
  • To respond to environmental changes and provide awareness of stimuli (correct)
  • To connect the brain with other body organs
  • To provide blood supply to the nervous system

Which receptor type is responsible for detecting pain?

  • Proprioceptors
  • Interoceptors
  • Nociceptors (correct)
  • Thermoreceptors

What type of receptors would primarily respond to stimuli from outside the body?

<p>Exteroceptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of receptors allows for kinesthetic awareness?

<p>Proprioceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are interoceptors primarily located?

<p>In the viscera and blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor responds to light energy?

<p>Photoreceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes mechanoreceptors from other receptor types?

<p>They respond to tactile stimuli such as touch and pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is specifically associated with transmitting pressure sensations?

<p>Pacinian Corpuscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds each nerve axon and its myelin sheath?

<p>Endoneurium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?

<p>Olfactory Nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following receptors are primarily involved in the sense of touch?

<p>Hair Follicle Receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Free Nerve Endings in the sensory system?

<p>Transmitting pain stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is primarily involved with movement of the eye muscles?

<p>Trochlear Nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about all spinal nerves?

<p>They are mixed nerves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue layer surrounds all neuronal fascicles in a peripheral nerve?

<p>Epineurium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT considered a general receptor?

<p>Retinal Cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rami form nerve networks (plexuses)?

<p>Ventral rami, except for T2 – T12. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cervical rami contribute to the phrenic nerve?

<p>C3 to C5. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the brachial plexus innervate?

<p>The upper limb. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do dorsal rami supply?

<p>Posterior trunk. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the brachial plexus structured?

<p>It has five roots that branch into divisions and cords. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can occur if both phrenic nerves are severed?

<p>Respiratory arrest. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mnemonic helps remember the branches of the brachial plexus?

<p>Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the quadriceps during the patellar reflex?

<p>They contract. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi tendon reflex?

<p>To prevent muscle damage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is triggered by painful stimuli and causes an automatic withdrawal?

<p>Withdrawal reflex. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the crossed-extensor reflex, what action occurs on the contralateral side?

<p>Extension of the limb. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stimulation elicits superficial reflexes?

<p>Gentle cutaneous stimulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Babinski's Test assess?

<p>Corticospinal tract function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

<p>Cranial nerves and spinal nerves. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a muscle experiences extreme tension according to the Golgi tendon reflex?

<p>Both muscles relax. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does damage to peripheral nerves impact the body?

<p>It can lead to various symptoms based on the injured nerve. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does reciprocal inhibition involve in the context of the patellar reflex?

<p>Contraction of quadriceps and relaxation of hamstrings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is primarily responsible for innervating the deltoid and teres minor muscles?

<p>Axillary Nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by difficulty in performing a pincer grasp and is commonly associated with median nerve injury?

<p>Carpal tunnel syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is affected when a person experiences a 'funny bone' sensation at the medial epicondyle?

<p>Ulnar Nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The longest and thickest nerve in the body that innervates hamstring muscles is known as?

<p>Sciatic Nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is characterized by a rapid, predictable motor response without direct brain involvement?

<p>Intrinsic reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of lumbar plexus compression?

<p>Impaired gait patterns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve?

<p>Quadriceps and iliacus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sciatica is primarily characterized by which type of pain?

<p>Stabbing pain down the back of the leg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the area of skin innervated by branches from a single spinal nerve?

<p>Dermatome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates most wrist extensors and supinators?

<p>Radial Nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a stretch reflex?

<p>To maintain muscle length (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is primarily responsible for cutaneous reception for the skin of the lateral forearm?

<p>Musculocutaneous Nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A severe or chronic injury to which nerve leads to muscle atrophy and a claw hand appearance?

<p>Ulnar Nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to the wrist drop condition?

<p>Radial nerve trauma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System

The network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, allowing communication with the external environment.

Sensory Receptors

Specialized cells that detect changes in the environment, triggering a signal to the nervous system. This signal creates awareness of the change (sensation) and allows the brain to interpret its meaning (perception).

Mechanoreceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to mechanical stimuli, such as touch, pressure, vibrations, and stretch.

Thermoreceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to changes in temperature, detecting hot or cold stimuli.

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Photoreceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to light energy, located in the retina of the eye.

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Chemoreceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to chemical stimuli, such as taste, smell, and changes in blood chemistry.

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Nociceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to pain stimuli, triggered by extremes in any of the other types of stimuli.

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Exteroceptors

Sensory receptors that detect stimuli originating from outside the body, such as touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.

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General Receptors

Specialized endings of sensory neurons responsible for detecting various stimuli like pressure, vibration, touch, stretch, and pain.

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Merkel Cells & Discs

A type of mechanoreceptor located in the skin that detects light touch and pressure.

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Pacinian Corpuscles

Mechanoreceptors in the skin that are highly sensitive to rapid vibrations and pressure changes.

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Ruffini Endings

Mechanoreceptors found in the skin that respond to sustained pressure and skin stretch.

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Free Nerve Endings

Sensory nerve endings that detect pain (nociception) and temperature changes (thermoception).

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Muscle Spindles

Proprioceptors located within skeletal muscles that detect muscle length and stretch.

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Golgi Tendon Organs

Proprioceptors found in tendons that detect muscle tension and force.

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Kinesthetic Receptors

Proprioceptor group contributing to our sense of body position and movement.

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What are spinal nerves?

Spinal nerves are mixed nerves that connect the spinal cord to the rest of the body. They are responsible for carrying both sensory and motor information.

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How many spinal nerves are there?

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which are divided into 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.

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What are roots and rami?

Roots are the initial portions of spinal nerves that lie close to the spinal cord. Each root is either sensory or motor. Rami are branches of spinal nerves that lie further from the cord and carry both sensory and motor information.

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What are dorsal and ventral rami?

Dorsal rami innervate the posterior (back) part of the trunk, while ventral rami innervate the anterior (front) part of the trunk and limbs.

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What are nerve plexuses?

Nerve plexuses are networks of interwoven ventral rami that occur in the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions. They allow for complex coordination of movement and sensation.

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What is the cervical plexus?

The cervical plexus is formed by the first four ventral rami (C1-C4) and supplies cutaneous nerves to the neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders. It also contains the important phrenic nerve.

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What is the phrenic nerve?

The phrenic nerve, originating from C3-C5, controls the diaphragm, which is essential for breathing.

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What is the brachial plexus?

The brachial plexus, formed by the remaining cervical rami (C5-C8) and T1, supplies nerves to the upper limb. It has a complex structure with roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches.

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Brachial Plexus Cords

The cords of the brachial plexus split and give rise to specific nerves that innervate the upper limb.

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Axillary Nerve

It innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles and provides sensory reception for the shoulder joint and skin.

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Musculocutaneous Nerve

It innervates the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles, responsible for elbow flexion.

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Median Nerve

It controls most wrist flexors, pronators, and finger flexors, providing sensation to the thumb, index, and middle fingers.

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Ulnar Nerve

It innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris and most intrinsic hand muscles, providing sensation to the ring and pinky fingers.

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Radial Nerve

It controls wrist extensors and supinators, providing sensation to the back of the hand.

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Stinger

A sharp pain that occurs when the neck is stretched in lateral flexion, often during tackling or wrestling.

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Pincer Grasp

The ability to oppose the thumb and index finger, which can be impaired by median nerve injury.

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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Median nerve compression that can lead to numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand.

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Claw Hand

A condition caused by damage to the ulnar nerve, resulting in a curled hand unable to grip objects.

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Wrist Drop

Inability to extend the wrist caused by injury to the radial nerve.

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Femoral Nerve

It innervates the quadriceps, sartorius, iliacus, and pectineus muscles, providing sensation to the anterior thigh and medial shank.

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Obturator Nerve

It innervates the adductor muscles, providing sensation to the medial thigh and hip and knee joints.

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Sciatic Nerve

The longest and thickest nerve in the body, it innervates the hamstring muscles and splits into the tibial and common fibular nerves.

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Sciatica

Pain that radiates down the back of the leg, often caused by compression of the sciatic nerve.

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Stretch Reflex

A reflex that helps maintain muscle length and prevent overstretching. It involves a rapid contraction of a muscle in response to a sudden stretch.

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Reciprocal Inhibition

During a stretch reflex, the antagonist muscle (the muscle that opposes the stretched muscle) is simultaneously inhibited, preventing it from resisting the stretch.

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Golgi Tendon Reflex

A reflex that protects muscles from excessive tension or damage. It involves relaxation of the contracting muscle and activation of the antagonist muscle.

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Reciprocal Activation

During Golgi Tendon Reflex, the antagonist muscle is activated to oppose the over-tensioned muscle, preventing further strain.

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Withdrawal Reflex

A reflex that automatically withdraws a body part from a painful stimulus. It's a protective mechanism.

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Crossed-Extensor Reflex

A reflex that occurs in conjunction with the withdrawal reflex. It involves extending the limb contralateral (opposite) to the painful stimulus, helping to maintain balance.

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Babinski's Test

A test used to assess the integrity of the corticospinal tracts. It involves stroking the sole of the foot and observing the toe response. A normal response is curling toes. An abnormal response in adults is toe extension and fanning.

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Superficial Reflexes

Reflexes elicited by gentle stimulation of the skin, indicating both upper motor neuron function and spinal cord reflex arcs. Examples include the Babinski's reflex.

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Dermatomes

Areas of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve. Damage to a specific nerve can lead to sensory changes in the corresponding dermatome.

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Study Notes

Peripheral Nervous System & Reflex Activity

  • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the central nervous system (CNS) to the body
  • Neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord
  • Links stimuli between the body and the outside world

Components of the PNS

  • Sensory (afferent) division: Carries impulses toward the CNS
  • Motor (efferent) division: Carries impulses away from the CNS
    • Somatic nervous system: Controls voluntary movement
    • Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Regulates involuntary functions
      • Sympathetic division: "Fight or flight" response
      • Parasympathetic division: "Rest and digest" response

Receptors

  • Specialized to respond to stimuli (changes in the environment)
  • Provide sensation (awareness) and perception (interpretation)
  • Classified by stimulus type, body location, and structural complexity

Stimulus Types

  • Mechanoreceptors: Respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch
  • Thermoreceptors: Respond to temperature changes
  • Photoreceptors: Respond to light energy (e.g., in the eye)
  • Chemoreceptors: Respond to chemical stimuli (e.g., taste, smell)
  • Nociceptors: Respond to pain or potentially damaging stimuli

Body Locations

  • Exteroceptors: Respond to stimuli from outside the body
  • Interoceptors (visceroceptors): Respond to stimuli from internal organs
  • Proprioceptors: Provide information about body position and movement

Major Categories of General Receptors

  • Pressure: Merkel cells, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini endings
  • Vibration: Pacinian corpuscles
  • Touch: Hair follicle receptors, Meissner's corpuscles
  • Stretch: Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, kinesthetic receptors, Ruffini endings
  • Pain: Free nerve endings

Special Receptors

  • Specialized sense organs for specific senses: hearing, vision, balance, smell, taste

Peripheral Nerves

  • Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons
  • Surrounded by connective tissue layers (epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium)
  • Contain both afferent and efferent fibers

Cranial Nerves

  • 12 pairs that connect to the brain
  • Primarily responsible for sensory and motor functions of the head and face
  • Examples: Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor

Spinal Nerves

  • 31 pairs that connect to the spinal cord
  • Supply the rest of the body
  • Mixed nerves (both sensory and motor fibers)
    • Dorsal rami: posterior trunk
    • Ventral rami: anterior trunk and limbs
    • Nerve plexuses: networks for combining rami innervating different regions

Cervical Plexus

  • Formed by the first four ventral rami (C1-C4)
  • Innervates the skin of the neck, upper back, shoulders, and parts of the head
  • Phrenic nerve: vital for breathing

Brachial Plexus

  • Formed by the ventral rami of C5-T1
  • Innervates the upper limb (muscles and skin)
    • Important nerves: Axillary, Musculocutaneous, Median, Ulnar, Radial

Lumbosacral Plexus

  • Formed by the ventral rami of L1-S4
  • Innervates the lower limb (muscles and skin)
    • Important nerves: Femoral, Obturator, Sciatic

Reflexes

  • Stretch reflex: maintains muscle length
    • Example: Knee-jerk reflex
  • Flexor reflex: automatic withdrawal from painful stimuli
    • Often accompanied by the crossed-extensor reflex
  • Babinski's test: assessing corticospinal tract function

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Human Anatomy & Physiology I: Peripheral Nervous System PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on various sensory receptors and their functions with this quiz. From understanding temperature detection to pain perception, explore the roles of different receptor types and their anatomical locations. Perfect for students studying biology or anatomy.

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