Sensory Physiology and Transduction

<p>Perception, which involves conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be modified, allowed to continue as is, or terminated, influencing the perception of the stimulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By conveying action potentials from receptors to the central nervous system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensation is the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes, while perception is the conscious interpretation of those sensations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect stimuli and transduce them into electrical signals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By initiating an action potential to the CNS or influencing neurotransmitter release. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transduce thermal energy into electrical signals, initiating action potentials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nociceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encapsulated nerve endings are enclosed in a specialized structure, while free nerve endings are not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By opening TRP channels, allowing ion flow that leads to a depolarizing receptor potential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specific area, chemicals, or sound frequencies that cause a response in that neuron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warm receptors are activated by temperatures between 30-45°C, whereas cold receptors are activated by temperatures between 10-35°C. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primarily cold receptors are stimulated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By releasing neurotransmitters onto the sensory neurons . (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cation channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to feel pressure and vibration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents the minimum stimulus required to activate the receptor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The area of visual space where light causes a response in that neuron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sound frequencies cause responses in auditory neurons connected to inner ear hair cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By improving the brain's ability to localize somatic sensory and visual stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Associating a specific modality with a particular group and circuit of neurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frequency of action potentials generated by sensory neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To define the area within which a stimulus can activate a sensory neuron. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By the length of time during which action potentials are delivered. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The type of sensation, such as touch, pain, or vision. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It assesses the ability to distinguish two nearby points as distinct, indicating spatial resolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TRPV3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Menthol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feeling pain from a puncture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Above 45°C or below 10°C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymodal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TRPV1 channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capsaicin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aδ fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By decreasing action potential transmission from peripheral areas while slightly inhibiting the central pathway, leading to a higher frequency of action potentials in the center. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequency of action potentials and the number of sensory receptors activated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process by which sensory receptors decrease their responsiveness to a constant stimulus applied over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They fire rapidly at first, then slow down and maintain a lower firing rate as long as the stimulus is present. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining awareness of posture and body position through proprioceptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They fire when a stimulus is first applied but cease firing if the stimulus remains constant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phasic receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Action potential frequency increases with stimulus intensity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Part of nervous system conveying signals from receptors to CNS.

Awareness of changes in the environment, both internal and external.

Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations in the brain.

Activation of sensory receptors by a stimulus, starting the process of sensation.

Conversion of stimulus energy into graded potentials at receptors.

Creation of action potentials if graded potential reaches a certain threshold.

Processing and modification of sensory information in the CNS.

The specific form of energy that a receptor responds best to.

The minimum stimulus needed to activate a receptor.

Change in sensory receptor membrane potential that initiates an action potential or alters neurotransmitter release.

Sensory receptors sensitive to mechanical stimuli like pressure and touch.

Receptors that detect changes in temperature.

Receptors that respond to light hitting the retina of the eye.

Receptors that detect chemical stimuli related to taste and smell.

Receptors that respond to painful stimuli from tissue damage.

The specific area or stimuli that a sensory neuron responds to.

A change in membrane potential that makes the inside of a neuron less negative, which can lead to an action potential if it reaches threshold.

Thermoreceptors activated by cool temperatures ranging from 10-35°C.

Thermoreceptors activated by warm temperatures, typically between 30-45°C; they are fewer in number than cold receptors.

The system responsible for the sense of smell, responding to chemical odorants.

The system responsible for the sense of hearing, responding to sound frequencies.

The system responsible for the sense of taste, responding to tastants in food.

Distinct areas where neighboring sensory neurons respond only to their own stimuli.

Regions where neighboring neurons can respond to stimuli extending into their areas.

The specific type of sensation (like touch or vision) determined by the stimulus.

The ability to identify where a stimulus originates, via coded information.

The strength of a stimulus, indicated by the frequency of action potentials.

The ability of the brain to determine the exact location of a stimulus based on action potentials.

A mechanism where the frequency of action potentials indicates the intensity of a stimulus.

The process by which a stronger stimulus activates more sensory receptors.

The process where sensory receptors reduce their responsiveness to a constant stimulus over time.

Sensory receptors that adapt slowly and maintain firing as long as the stimulus is present.

Sensory receptors that adapt quickly and stop firing if the stimulus remains constant.

The rate at which action potentials are generated, influencing the perception of stimulus intensity.

Channels opened by warm temperatures, contributing to warmth sensation.

Channels opened by cold stimuli, contributing to cold sensation.

Nociceptors that respond to intense mechanical stimuli like pinching.

Nociceptors that respond to extreme temperatures above 45°C or below 10°C.

Nociceptors that respond to various harmful stimuli, including heat and chemicals.

Channels in polymodal nociceptors that react to extreme heat and capsaicin.

Sharp, localized pain rapidly transmitted to the CNS by Aδ fibers.