Sensory Motor Integration and Eye Movement
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Questions and Answers

How does the distance of an object influence our perception of depth?

  • Depth perception is unaffected by distance.
  • The closer the object, the greater the disparity between images. (correct)
  • Further objects provide clearer images.
  • Closer objects show lesser disparity between images.

What is the role of eye movements in vision?

  • They solely affect the perception of depth without stabilizing images.
  • They are unnecessary for stabilizing retinal images.
  • They help in creating a single clear image without any effect on stability.
  • They contribute to stabilizing retinal images and optimizing visual input. (correct)

What aspect of the retina is important for high visual acuity?

  • A uniform layer of photoreceptors.
  • Dense concentration of photoreceptors in specific areas. (correct)
  • Even distribution of photoreceptors across the retina.
  • Minimal features contributing to low visual acuity.

In the discussion of depth perception, which term describes the position of objects in our visual field?

<p>Image disparity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complements our ability to perceive depth?

<p>The variation in eye movements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the macula in the eye?

<p>It provides sharp central vision. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is located at the fovea within the retina?

<p>Only cones for sharp vision. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the layers of the retina when there are problems in the eye?

<p>They pull away from one another. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rods and cones differ in terms of their distribution in the retina?

<p>Cones are concentrated in the central retina, while rods are in the periphery. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the simultaneous movement of both eyes in the same direction?

<p>Conjugate eye movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the central vision considered sharp?

<p>It requires light to focus on the fovea. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do ganglion cells play in the retina?

<p>They are the output cells for the retina. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the eye movement recording, what is the primary purpose of the target moving on the screen?

<p>To help the eyes track movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes how light interacts with the retina?

<p>Light needs to land on the fovea for the best image quality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic indicates normal eye movements during tracking?

<p>Regular interruptions and fixation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a fixation indicate during eye movement tracking?

<p>The eyes are stabilized on a target (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of vascularization in the eye?

<p>It provides nourishment to the photoreceptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements is characterized by fast, rapid positions of the eyes?

<p>Saccadic movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is mentioned for recording eye movements during the practical session?

<p>EOG system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the eyes are tracking a moving target on the screen?

<p>Both eyes move simultaneously to keep the target in focus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a movement graph indicating eye tracking typically show?

<p>Fluctuations with defined fixations and movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of opto kinetic eye movements?

<p>To track movements in the visual field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the eyes move during the opto kinetic response when tracking a moving visual scene?

<p>Both eyes move in the same direction at the same time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the movement pattern of the eyes during the opto kinetic response?

<p>Slow phase followed by a fast phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context might you observe opto kinetic eye movements most clearly?

<p>While watching a moving scene from a train (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What visual stimulus drives the opto kinetic movements?

<p>A moving visual field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one distinguishing feature of the trace of opto kinetic eye movements?

<p>A linear slope followed by a fast return (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of eye movement is described as involuntary and not consciously directed?

<p>Opto kinetic movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible visual representation of opto kinetic eye movements?

<p>A sawtooth pattern (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of fixation line movements?

<p>To keep the view on a fixed target of interest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when someone overshoots the target during eye movement?

<p>They need to enter a decay to move backwards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are micro saccades?

<p>Small eye movements that help maintain fixation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does looking at a black spot among white spots create?

<p>It demonstrates after effects from the stimuli on the retina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fixation and movement occur simultaneously?

<p>Eye movements and fixation happen through constant adjustment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be the consequence of not making fixation line movements?

<p>The image would blur or continue to move from the target (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about fixation?

<p>It involves complete stillness of the eyes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do photoreceptors play in the context of eye movements?

<p>They are responsible for detecting light and movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ocular reflex?

<p>To stabilize images while the head is moving (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the ocular reflex?

<p>It involves both eyes moving in sync. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the ocular reflex does not function correctly?

<p>The world appears to move as the head moves. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the inner ear is primarily involved in the operation of the ocular reflex?

<p>Vestibular system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the stimulation of the semicircular canals during head movement?

<p>Fluid movement within the canals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic speed of the ocular reflex?

<p>It is rapid and among the fastest reflexes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following scenarios would the ocular reflex be most crucial?

<p>Playing a fast-paced sport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the semicircular canals play in maintaining balance?

<p>They detect fluid movement to help position the head. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Conjugate Eye Movements

Both eyes move simultaneously in the same direction, allowing for coordinated visual tracking.

Eye Movement Recording

A visual representation of eye movements captured over time, typically using a system like EOG (Electrooculography).

Target

A visual stimulus (like a dot on a screen) that the participant follows with their eyes.

Fixation

A period of time when the eyes remain steady, focused on a single point.

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Saccade

A quick, jerky movement of the eyes to shift focus from one point to another.

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Smooth Pursuit

A smooth, continuous eye movement that follows a moving target.

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Normal Eye Movement

Eye movements that are characterized by coordinated, smooth, and accurate tracking of targets.

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EOG (Electrooculography)

A technique used to record electrical changes in the eye that correlate with movement.

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Corrective Eye Movement

A small, precise eye movement used to adjust focus and bring an image into the correct position on the retina.

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Micro-saccades

Tiny, involuntary eye movements that occur during fixation, compensating for image drift on the retina.

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After-effect of Movement

An illusion of movement experienced after staring at a stationary object for a period of time, caused by continuous micro-saccades.

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Purpose of Fixation Movements

To keep the image of a fixed target focused on the retina, preventing blurring and maintaining a clear view.

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Fixation Line Movement

A specific type of micro-saccade responsible for keeping an image on the retina during fixation.

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Photoreceptors

Light-sensitive cells in the retina that convert light into electrical signals for the brain to interpret.

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Cones

A type of photoreceptor responsible for color vision and detail.

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Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN)

A type of eye movement that helps track objects moving across the visual field. It involves alternating slow and fast phases to keep the moving object in sight.

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Slow Phase (OKN)

The slow, involuntary movement of the eyes that tracks the direction the visual field is moving.

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Fast Phase (OKN)

The quick, involuntary movement of the eyes that brings them back to the center after the slow phase.

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Involuntary Eye Movement

Eye movements that happen automatically, we don't consciously control them.

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What triggers OKN?

A moving visual field, like a train passing by.

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What does OKN look like?

A sawtooth pattern on a graph, alternating fast and slow phases.

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What is the purpose of OKN?

To track moving objects in the visual field, keeping them in sight.

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Depth Perception

The ability to perceive the distance of objects in the environment. This is achieved by using cues, such as binocular disparity, which relies on the difference in the image seen by each eye.

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Binocular Disparity

The difference in the image seen by each eye due to their slight separation. This disparity is greater for objects closer to you and less for objects further away.

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Retina Organization

The retina in the back of the eye is organized in a specific way, with photoreceptors distributed unevenly. This distribution provides a region of high-acuity vision in the center of the retina (the fovea), where cones are densely packed.

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Eye Movement Functions

Our eyes constantly move to stabilize images on the retina and optimize visual input. These movements include saccades, smooth pursuit, and fixation.

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Stabilize Retinal Images

Eye movements, such as saccades and smooth pursuit, help to stabilize images on the retina, preventing blurring and maintaining a clear view of the environment.

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Oculomotor Reflex

A rapid, involuntary reflex that stabilizes your gaze during head movements, ensuring a steady view of the world.

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Nystagmus

The perception of the world moving around, even when it's stationary. Occurs when the oculomotor reflex malfunctions.

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Vestibular System

The sensory system in the inner ear responsible for balance, spatial orientation, and control of eye movements.

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Semicircular Canals

Three fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that detect head rotation and movement in different directions.

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Fluid in Semicircular Canals

Fluid that moves within the semicircular canals, providing information to the brain about head position and movement.

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Hair Cells in Canals

Tiny sensory receptors within the semicircular canals that detect the movement of fluid, sending signals to the brain.

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How do hair cells work?

When you move your head, the fluid in the canals shifts, bending the hair cells. This bending triggers the hair cells to send signals to the brain, informing it of the head's position and movement.

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How do we perceive the world?

The vestibular system and its interaction with the oculomotor reflex allows us to perceive the world as stable, even when we move our heads. This ensures smooth visual tracking and a clear understanding of our surroundings.

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What is the macula?

The macula is a small, specialized area in the center of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed central vision.

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What is the fovea?

The fovea is a tiny pit within the macula that contains the highest concentration of cones, providing the sharpest vision.

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Why is the fovea important for sharp vision?

The fovea is densely packed with cones, which are responsible for color and detail vision. This concentration allows for the clearest possible image when light focuses on this area.

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How does the fovea relate to central and peripheral vision?

The fovea is responsible for central vision, providing sharp detail for what you're directly focusing on. The surrounding areas of the retina handle peripheral vision, which is less sharp but allows you to be aware of what's around you.

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What are rods?

Rods are photoreceptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to low light levels, responsible for peripheral vision and seeing in dim light.

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What are cones?

Cones are photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision and seeing details in bright light.

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Where are cones primarily located?

Cones are concentrated in and around the fovea, the central area of the retina, providing the most detailed and color-rich vision.

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What does the density of cone cells tell us?

The density of cone cells in the retina indicates the sharpness of vision in a given area. The higher the density, the sharper the vision.

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Study Notes

Lecture Notes Summary

  • The lecturer, Rebecca, is a research fellow and clinical scientist, specializing in movement, particularly a condition called Nostoc.
  • The lecture focuses on sensory motor integration and eye movement, with an emphasis on how we use sensory information to control eye movements and optimize vision.
  • Eye movements are crucial for optimally focusing objects of interest on the retina.
  • The retina is analogous to the film in a camera and the optic nerve acts as the communication system to the brain.
  • The retina's organisation, including the sclera, retina, and optic nerves, is crucial for visual processing.
  • Various types of eye movements, including voluntary and involuntary, were discussed, along with the six general categories of body movements.
  • The lecture also touches on the different layers within the eye: the choroid, retina, and the retinal pigment epithelium, and their role in vision and protection from light damage.
  • The lecture notes further describe retinal photoreceptors, types of cones (blue, red, and green), and the role of the retina in color vision during the daytime.
  • The function and structure of specific cells in the retina, such as retinal ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and horizontal cells were explained.
  • The importance of understanding eye movements and the different types of movements in the context of the visual field are discussed.
  • The lecturer discusses fixing errors and eye movement issues.
  • The lecture explains how the eyes track objects, especially when in motion, and the function and importance of gaze and fixation.
  • The mechanisms for depth perception and the interplay of the different components, mentioned as the 'ocular reflex' and 'retinal disparity', are part of the lecture's discussion.
  • The concept of binocular vision, the function of the semicircular canals, and their interaction with the vestibular nerve in relation to head movements are explained.

Additional Information

  • The lecture mentions using an eye-tracking system, possibly for practical sessions during the lab.
  • Different types of eye movements are discussed, including a distinction between voluntary and involuntary movements and their speed and complexity.

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Description

Explore the fascinating concepts of sensory motor integration and eye movement in this quiz. Learn how sensory information influences our eye movements and optimizes vision. This quiz dives into the retina's structure and various types of eye movements, enhancing your understanding of this critical area of human anatomy and physiology.

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