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Questions and Answers
What effect does loading have on the output voltage in a Thevenin's equivalent circuit?
What effect does loading have on the output voltage in a Thevenin's equivalent circuit?
- It has no impact if the load resistance is much higher than the internal resistance.
- It reduces the output voltage based on the internal resistance of the source. (correct)
- It increases the output voltage proportionally to the load resistance.
- It converts the voltage to a frequency-dependent signal.
If a sensor has an output voltage of 1.0 V when unloaded, what will be the input voltage to an amplifier with a gain of 10 if the internal resistance causes a drop?
If a sensor has an output voltage of 1.0 V when unloaded, what will be the input voltage to an amplifier with a gain of 10 if the internal resistance causes a drop?
- 6.7 V
- 1.0 V
- 10 V
- 0.67 V (correct)
Which method is NOT a step in transforming sound into a replicable form?
Which method is NOT a step in transforming sound into a replicable form?
- Converted to patterns on a CD during manufacturing.
- Sound is stored in a speaker for playback. (correct)
- Electrical signals are generated by a microphone.
- Sound is converted to magnetic signals for editing.
What characteristic of sound is measured in decibels?
What characteristic of sound is measured in decibels?
What will happen to sound quality during the transmission of a signal?
What will happen to sound quality during the transmission of a signal?
What is a key difference between analog and digital signals?
What is a key difference between analog and digital signals?
Which statement describes the primary disadvantage of serial transmission?
Which statement describes the primary disadvantage of serial transmission?
What can lead to the degradation of signals over time?
What can lead to the degradation of signals over time?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an analog technology?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an analog technology?
In digital signal transmission, what does 'high' represent?
In digital signal transmission, what does 'high' represent?
Flashcards
Analog Signal
Analog Signal
A type of signal where the information being transmitted is represented by the continuous variation of a physical property, like voltage, pressure, or light intensity.
Digital Signal
Digital Signal
A type of signal where the information being transmitted is represented by a sequence of discrete values, usually represented as 0s and 1s (bits).
Serial Transmission
Serial Transmission
A way to transmit data one bit at a time, on a single line, from one location to another.
Parallel Transmission
Parallel Transmission
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Loading Effect
Loading Effect
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Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit
Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit
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Signal Degradation
Signal Degradation
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Frequency
Frequency
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Amplitude
Amplitude
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Study Notes
Sensor Loading
- Sensor output voltage is reduced by the voltage dropped across the internal resistance
- Loaded output voltage is V=Vx(1-RL/Rx)
- Loading effects can be reduced by increasing the load resistance (RL) to be greater than the internal resistance (Rx)
Example Calculation
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Amplifier gain: 10
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Amplifier input resistance: 10 kΩ
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Sensor output voltage proportional to temperature (20 mV/°C)
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Sensor output resistance: 5 kΩ
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Temperature: 50°C
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Unloaded sensor output voltage (Vx): 20 mV/°C * 50°C = 1.0 V
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Actual amplifier input voltage (Vin): 1.0V/(5 kΩ + 10 kΩ) = 0.67 V
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Amplifier output voltage (Vout): 10 * 0.67 V = 6.7 V
Analog and Digital Signals
- Sound travels at 340 m/s in air
- Characteristics of sound: frequency (measured in Hz), amplitude (measured in decibels)
- Humans can hear frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz
- Sound converted from pressure waves in air to electrical signals via microphones, then magnetism, spots on CD, electricity to sound via speakers
- Similar process for video signals (sequences of static images) stored on videotape or DVD
- Signal Degradation: Fading, interference, signal loss
Analog Signals
- Vary some physical property (e.g., voltage, pressure, intensity) proportional to transmitted information
- Examples: photocopies, telephones, audiotapes, televisions
Digital Signals
- Transmit numbers converted into bits
- Use a physical property (e.g., voltage) to transmit a single bit of information
- Examples: computers, digital signals
Binary Conversion
- Decimal numbers can be converted to binary (base 2)
- Binary system uses 0s and 1s
- Table shows decimal values 0-15 and their equivalent binary representations (e.g., 8 is 1000 in binary).
- Computers process data in binary form. They do not actually subtract binary numbers but use a method that produces the same result as subtraction
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