Sensor Loading and Signal Processing

What effect does loading have on the output voltage in a Thevenin's equivalent circuit?

If a sensor has an output voltage of 1.0 V when unloaded, what will be the input voltage to an amplifier with a gain of 10 if the internal resistance causes a drop?

Which method is NOT a step in transforming sound into a replicable form?

What characteristic of sound is measured in decibels?

What will happen to sound quality during the transmission of a signal?

What is a key difference between analog and digital signals?

Which statement describes the primary disadvantage of serial transmission?

What can lead to the degradation of signals over time?

Which of the following is NOT an example of an analog technology?

In digital signal transmission, what does 'high' represent?

Sensor Loading

Sensor output voltage is reduced by the voltage dropped across the internal resistance
Loaded output voltage is V=V_x(1-R_L/R_x)
Loading effects can be reduced by increasing the load resistance (R_L) to be greater than the internal resistance (R_x)

Example Calculation

Amplifier gain: 10
Amplifier input resistance: 10 kΩ
Sensor output voltage proportional to temperature (20 mV/°C)
Sensor output resistance: 5 kΩ
Temperature: 50°C
Unloaded sensor output voltage (V_x): 20 mV/°C * 50°C = 1.0 V
Actual amplifier input voltage (V_in): 1.0V/(5 kΩ + 10 kΩ) = 0.67 V
Amplifier output voltage (V_out): 10 * 0.67 V = 6.7 V

Analog and Digital Signals

Sound travels at 340 m/s in air
Characteristics of sound: frequency (measured in Hz), amplitude (measured in decibels)
Humans can hear frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz
Sound converted from pressure waves in air to electrical signals via microphones, then magnetism, spots on CD, electricity to sound via speakers
Similar process for video signals (sequences of static images) stored on videotape or DVD
Signal Degradation: Fading, interference, signal loss

Analog Signals

Vary some physical property (e.g., voltage, pressure, intensity) proportional to transmitted information
Examples: photocopies, telephones, audiotapes, televisions

Digital Signals

Transmit numbers converted into bits
Use a physical property (e.g., voltage) to transmit a single bit of information
Examples: computers, digital signals

Binary Conversion

Decimal numbers can be converted to binary (base 2)
Binary system uses 0s and 1s
Table shows decimal values 0-15 and their equivalent binary representations (e.g., 8 is 1000 in binary).
Computers process data in binary form. They do not actually subtract binary numbers but use a method that produces the same result as subtraction

This quiz covers concepts related to sensor loading effects, amplifier calculations, and the characteristics of analog and digital signals. You'll explore how sensor output voltage is influenced by internal resistance and learn about sound frequency and amplitude. Prepare to test your understanding of these important topics in electronics.