Sensor Characteristics and Transducers
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the final grade is allocated to labs?

  • 60%
  • 50%
  • 40% (correct)
  • 30%

    • What is the consequence of not meeting the required passing grade?

  • Get a grade of 'D'
  • Be allowed to retake the course
  • Earn an 'F' grade (correct)
  • Receive an incomplete grade

    • What happens if an assignment is submitted late?

  • A 10% deduction is applied per day (correct)
  • A zero is given immediately
  • No penalty is applied
  • The assignment is simply rejected

    • Which item is NOT included in the course outline?

    <p>Control theory applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required action if a student misses an evaluation due to illness?

    <p>Report absences to the provided email and include the lecturer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could potentially lead to an error in maintaining the desired temperature?

    <p>A change in the setpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a feedback control system, what is the role of the controller?

    <p>To generate corrections based on measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for modifying the process in a feedback control system?

    <p>Final Control Element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'disturbance' in the context of process control?

    <p>A variation in load demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of a heat exchanger, what is the desired outcome of the process?

    <p>To maintain water temperature at a desired value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Week 5 in the course schedule?

    <p>Transducers and final control elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lab assignment is associated with the Midterm Exam?

    <p>There is no lab assignment associated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following topics is introduced in Week 8?

    <p>Intro to PLC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two sections for lab hours in the course schedule?

    <p>Wednesday and Thursday</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which control method is taught during Week 6?

    <p>PID tuning methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of systems are classified based on what they control?

    <p>Industrial control systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which week covers Programming Timers for an on delay and off delay?

    <p>Week 11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which week of the course does reading week occur?

    <p>After Week 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the response time of a sensor indicate?

    <p>The duration taken by the sensor to react to input changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic indicates how closely the sensor output follows a straight line?

    <p>Linearity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following denotes the smallest measurement a sensor can effectively detect?

    <p>Resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of precision in sensor characteristics?

    <p>The consistency of the sensor under the same input conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a standard electronic signal used by transmitters?

    <p>5 – 15 psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does accuracy in sensor measurements refer to?

    <p>The range within which measurements are considered correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about transducers and transmitters is true?

    <p>Transmitters amplify and convert sensor output to standard signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hysteresis in sensor characteristics refers to what phenomenon?

    <p>Output differing for increasing versus decreasing input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the letter 'F' represent in the functional identifier of a P&ID?

    <p>Flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symbols is represented by the first ID letter 'R' in a P&ID?

    <p>Recorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a dashed horizontal line indicate in a P&ID?

    <p>Inaccessible devices or functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a P&ID, which of the following instrument line symbols represents an Indicator?

    <p>I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connection is indicated by the letter 'C' in the identification scheme of P&ID?

    <p>Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a representation of a pneumatic signal in a P&ID?

    <p>Hydraulic signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the letter 'T' signify when used in conjunction with 'Transmitter' in a P&ID?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a software or data link in P&ID symbols?

    <p>Y</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sensor Characteristics

    • Sensors do not respond instantly to changes in measured variables.
    • Response time is the duration it takes for a sensor to react to a change.
    • Flow and pressure sensors respond faster than temperature sensors.

    Static Characteristics of Sensors

    • Sensitivity: output change in response to input change, measured as the slope of the Input/Output (I/O) curve in linear devices.
    • Hysteresis: Different output values for increasing or decreasing inputs.
    • Resolution: Smallest measurable value by the sensor.
    • Linearity: Closeness of the I/O relationship to a straight line.
    • Accuracy: Measured value's closeness to the actual controlled variable value, meeting acceptable tolerances.
    • Precision: Consistent response to the same input value, also known as "repeatability".

    Transducers and Transmitters

    • Transducers convert a sensor's signal to a different physical form, while Transmitters amplify the signal and convert it to a standard signal.
    • Standard instrumentation signals:
      • Pneumatic: 3 – 15 psi
      • Electronic: 0 – 10VDC, 0 - 20 mA DC, 4 – 20 mA DC.
    • Current signals are preferred over voltage signals as they are independent of wire resistance

    Control Systems - ENGI 24495

    • Process & motion control: Industrial control systems are classified by what they control.
    • Open-loop & closed-loop control: Two main types of control systems.
    • Feedback & feedforward control: Techniques used in closed-loop control.
    • Instrumentation: The use of measuring devices and sensors.
    • Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID): Visual representation of process systems, including piping and instrumentation.

    Administration

    • Lecturer: Ahmed Hosny, Ph.D.
    • Textbook: Terry Bartelt, Industrial Automated Systems: Instrumentation and Motion Control, Cengage Learning, 2011.
    • Assignments:
      • Labs (8 @ 5% each) 40%
      • Quizzes (2 @ 5% each) 10%
      • Midterm Exam 25%
      • Final Exam 25%
    • Passing grade: Minimum final grade of 50%.
    • Late assignment: 10% deduction per day, maximum 3 days for a 0 grade.
    • Missed evaluation: A 0 grade unless reported to [email protected] and the professor.
    • Academic Integrity: Submitted work must be original. If a partner is assigned, only one report is submitted per group.

    Detailed Course Content - Approximate Timeline

       | Week                       | Content                                                     | Lab/Assignment |
   |---------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|
   | 1                         | Introduction to process control, control loops, modes           | Lab 0           |
   | 2                         | Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)                     | Lab 1           |
   | 3                         | Pressure and Temperature control                             | Lab 2           |
   | 4                         | Level and Flow control                                       | Lab 3           |
   | 5                         | Transducers (I/P, P/I), final control element, controllers    | Lab 4 / Quiz 1 |
   | 6                         | PID tuning methods - trial-and-error, Zeigler-Nichols        |                  |
   | 7                         | Midterm Exam                                                |                  |
   | 8                         | Introduction to PLC - relay ladder logics, PLC components  | Lab 5           |
   | 9                         | Introduction to PLC - memory map, I/O modules, addressing format | Lab 6           |
   | 10                        | PLC programming - Ladder Diagram, logic instructions      | Lab 7           |
   | 11                        | Programming Timers - on delay, off delay, retentive on delay | Lab 8 / Quiz 2 |
   | 12                        | Programming counters - up and down counters                    |                  |
   | 13                        | Data manipulation and math instructions                    |                  |
   | 14                        | Final Exam                                                   |                  |

    Course Schedule

    • Lectures: 2 Sections
      • Section 1: Monday 8-10AM
      • Section 2: Tuesday 8-10AM
    • Lab hours: 2 Sections
      • Section 1: Wednesday 8-10AM
      • Section 2: Thursday 5-7PM

    Industrial Process Systems

    • Classified by the controlled variable: motion or process.
    • Causes of error:
      • Setpoint changes
      • Disturbance
      • Load demand variations

    Example - House Heating System

    • Desired temperature (SP): Thermostat setting
    • Furnace (FCE): Final control element that heats the house.
    • House (process): Affected by heating.
    • Room temperature (CV): Measured by the thermostat.

    Example 2- Heat Exchanger

    • Process: Maintain water temperature.
    • Measurement: Sensor monitors the water temperature.
    • Controller: Generates corrective actions based on the measured temperature.
    • Final Control Element: Modifies the heat input to the heat exchanger.

    Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

    • A visual representation of process systems with piping and instrumentation details.

    Instrument Line Symbols

    • Visual representation of instrumentation functions and their connections within a P&ID.
    • First ID Letter:
      • A = Analysis
      • L = Level
      • T = Temperature
      • P = Pressure
      • F = Flow
    • Following ID Letter:
      • C = Controller
      • I = Indicator
      • R = Recorder
      • T = Transmitter
      • V = Valve
      • Y = Relay/Converter

    General Instrument Symbols

    • Primary location: Accessible to operator.
    • Auxiliary location: Accessible to operator, field-mounted.
    • Discrete instrument: A single function, like a valve or switch
    • Computer function: Displays and controls various functionalities.
    • Programmable logic controller (PLC): Controls and automates complex processes.

    More Symbols

    • Programmable logic controller (PLC): Controls & automates complex processes.
    • Computer function: Displays and controls various functionalities.
    • Dash line: Used to represent inaccessible or behind-the-panel devices or functions.

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    Related Documents

    Lecture 1: Intro to Process Control PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential characteristics of sensors, including their sensitivity, accuracy, and response times. Dive into the distinctions between transducers and transmitters and their roles in signal conversion and amplification. Test your understanding of static sensor characteristics and how they impact measurements.

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