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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of a nuclear family?
What is the primary characteristic of a nuclear family?
- Comprises two parents and their children (correct)
- Consists of multiple generations
- Includes extended relatives living together
- Is commonly known for being childless
Which parenting style is characterized by strict rules and expectations of obedience?
Which parenting style is characterized by strict rules and expectations of obedience?
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian (correct)
- Permissive
- Neglectful
In which type of family structure do relatives like grandparents or cousins live together with the immediate family?
In which type of family structure do relatives like grandparents or cousins live together with the immediate family?
- Blended family
- Single-parent family
- Extended family (correct)
- Nuclear family
What does the term 'MOI' refer to in Marcel Mauss's context of self?
What does the term 'MOI' refer to in Marcel Mauss's context of self?
Which parenting style is most likely to encourage open discussion and allow exceptions to rules?
Which parenting style is most likely to encourage open discussion and allow exceptions to rules?
What is a key trait of children raised in permissive households?
What is a key trait of children raised in permissive households?
Which term describes a family structure that does not include children?
Which term describes a family structure that does not include children?
What aspect defines 'personne' according to Marcel Mauss?
What aspect defines 'personne' according to Marcel Mauss?
What is the primary component of personality according to psychoanalytic theory?
What is the primary component of personality according to psychoanalytic theory?
Which of the following goals of psychology focuses on the prediction of future behavior?
Which of the following goals of psychology focuses on the prediction of future behavior?
What is the primary consequence of individuals not receiving positive regard from others?
What is the primary consequence of individuals not receiving positive regard from others?
What is the role of early experiences in personality development according to the content?
What is the role of early experiences in personality development according to the content?
How does unconditional positive regard differ from conditional positive regard?
How does unconditional positive regard differ from conditional positive regard?
Which statement accurately describes the superego?
Which statement accurately describes the superego?
What is the 'self' characterized as in the context provided?
What is the 'self' characterized as in the context provided?
What aspect of self-regard does Rogers suggest is necessary for individuals?
What aspect of self-regard does Rogers suggest is necessary for individuals?
What characterizes individuals with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)?
What characterizes individuals with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)?
Which of the following best defines 'behavior' in psychology?
Which of the following best defines 'behavior' in psychology?
What principle drives the Id's behavior?
What principle drives the Id's behavior?
What does positive self-regard involve?
What does positive self-regard involve?
At what age is personality mostly established according to psychoanalytic theory?
At what age is personality mostly established according to psychoanalytic theory?
In collectivistic cultures, how is social status typically viewed?
In collectivistic cultures, how is social status typically viewed?
What does preoccupation with fantasies of power and success likely indicate about a person's self-view?
What does preoccupation with fantasies of power and success likely indicate about a person's self-view?
What role does positive regard play in achieving self-esteem?
What role does positive regard play in achieving self-esteem?
What is the primary focus of the actualizing tendency in humans and other animals?
What is the primary focus of the actualizing tendency in humans and other animals?
What does the term 'ideal self' refer to?
What does the term 'ideal self' refer to?
Which of the following accurately describes 'congruence' in self-perception?
Which of the following accurately describes 'congruence' in self-perception?
How can incongruence affect an individual’s self-esteem?
How can incongruence affect an individual’s self-esteem?
What can be a negative outcome when individuals overly focus on maintaining their self-esteem?
What can be a negative outcome when individuals overly focus on maintaining their self-esteem?
What does it mean for an individual to strive for self-actualization?
What does it mean for an individual to strive for self-actualization?
How can the concept of the 'real self' be described?
How can the concept of the 'real self' be described?
What best characterizes narcissistic personality disorder?
What best characterizes narcissistic personality disorder?
What is the emphasis of individualistic cultures like Western culture in terms of self-perception?
What is the emphasis of individualistic cultures like Western culture in terms of self-perception?
What does Unconditional Positive Regard refer to in the context of self-esteem?
What does Unconditional Positive Regard refer to in the context of self-esteem?
According to Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory, why might someone feel threatened?
According to Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory, why might someone feel threatened?
In Confucianism, what is considered the ultimate purpose of self-cultivation?
In Confucianism, what is considered the ultimate purpose of self-cultivation?
How does Taoism view the concept of the self?
How does Taoism view the concept of the self?
What does Buddhism suggest about the nature of the self?
What does Buddhism suggest about the nature of the self?
What social structure is emphasized within Confucianism?
What social structure is emphasized within Confucianism?
What perspective does Carl Rogers offer on self-acceptance?
What perspective does Carl Rogers offer on self-acceptance?
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Study Notes
Sense of Security
Structures of Family
- Nuclear Family: Comprises two parents and their children living together.
- Extended Family: Includes additional relatives living with the nuclear family, such as grandparents and cousins.
- Other Family Types:
- Families with working parents
- Single-parent families
- Blended families
- Childless families
- Special families
Culture
- Material Culture: Refers to the physical manifestations of a culture.
- Non-Material Culture: Comprises beliefs, values, norms, and symbols that are integral to a group's identity.
Sense of Self
- Moi: Represents a person's basic identity, biological features, and self-perception.
- Personne: A social construct that embodies the societal understanding of identity.
Definitions of Self
- Separate Self: Unique and distinct identity; independent thoughts and volition.
- Consistent Self: Traits and potentialities that maintain similarity over time.
- Universal Self: Views the self as a central experience encompassing all thoughts and emotions.
Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian: Impose strict rules leading to obedience; children may develop low self-esteem.
- Permissive: Few demands and little punishment may result in aggressive children.
- Authoritative: Balance of demanding and responsive; children tend to show high self-esteem and social competence.
Psychological Perspective on Self
Family Roles in Society
- Basic unit of society focused on procreation and economic provision.
Goals of Psychology
- Describing, understanding, explaining, predicting, and controlling behavior and mental processes.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
- Personality largely formed by age five; emphasizes the impact of early experiences.
- Id: Present at birth, unconscious, focused on instant gratification.
- Superego: Last to develop; encompasses moral standards guiding judgments and behaviors.
Tendency Towards Self-Actualization
- Organismic Self: Represents the real self, aligned with personal potential and fulfillment.
- Ideal Self: Represents personal aspirations and positive attributes desired in oneself.
Congruence vs. Incongruence
- Congruence: Small gap between real and ideal self leads to positive self-esteem and fulfillment.
- Incongruence: Large gap causes distress, anxiety, and low self-worth.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)
- Characterized by inflated self-importance and a need for admiration; rooted in the myth of Narcissus.
Positive Regard
- Unconditional Positive Regard: Acceptance without conditions, vital for self-exploration.
- Conditional Positive Regard: Acceptance contingent on meeting certain expectations.
Eastern and Western Perspectives on Self
- Eastern Thoughts: Emphasize interconnectedness within communities; collectivistic culture prioritizing social relations.
- Western Thoughts: Focus on individuality and separation of self from others; individualistic culture.
Concepts from Eastern Philosophy
- Confucianism: Promotes ethical conduct based on social relationships; identity linked with community.
- Taoism: Advocates for balance with nature and society, emphasizing selflessness and simplicity.
- Buddhism: Views the self as an illusion and a source of suffering, promoting detachment and self-awareness.
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