Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the process called that converts stimulus energies to electrical energy?
What is the process called that converts stimulus energies to electrical energy?
Which term refers to the minimum amount of stimuli required for a person to notice a stimulus?
Which term refers to the minimum amount of stimuli required for a person to notice a stimulus?
Signal Detection Theory takes into account which of the following factors?
Signal Detection Theory takes into account which of the following factors?
What does Weber's Law state about perceiving a stimulus?
What does Weber's Law state about perceiving a stimulus?
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What is the role of the iris in the human eye?
What is the role of the iris in the human eye?
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What is meant by the term 'difference threshold'?
What is meant by the term 'difference threshold'?
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What does adaptation refer to in sensory perception?
What does adaptation refer to in sensory perception?
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Which part of the eye is primarily responsible for focusing light on the retina?
Which part of the eye is primarily responsible for focusing light on the retina?
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What condition makes it harder to see objects that are close?
What condition makes it harder to see objects that are close?
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Which cells in the retina are primarily responsible for nighttime vision?
Which cells in the retina are primarily responsible for nighttime vision?
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What term describes the small pit in the middle of the eye that is densely packed with cones?
What term describes the small pit in the middle of the eye that is densely packed with cones?
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In which theory of color perception do three types of cone cells work together?
In which theory of color perception do three types of cone cells work together?
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What visual phenomenon occurs when flashing images in rapid succession create the illusion of fluid movement?
What visual phenomenon occurs when flashing images in rapid succession create the illusion of fluid movement?
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Which visual disorder is characterized by the inability to recognize faces?
Which visual disorder is characterized by the inability to recognize faces?
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What type of cues involve the gathering of depth information from the separation of a person's two eyes?
What type of cues involve the gathering of depth information from the separation of a person's two eyes?
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Which of the following concepts refers to the brain's ability to adjust perception based on the distance of an object?
Which of the following concepts refers to the brain's ability to adjust perception based on the distance of an object?
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What is the main function of the optic nerve?
What is the main function of the optic nerve?
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Which visual process is particularly influenced by prior knowledge and experience?
Which visual process is particularly influenced by prior knowledge and experience?
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What is inattentional blindness?
What is inattentional blindness?
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Which sleep disorder involves a person acting out their dreams?
Which sleep disorder involves a person acting out their dreams?
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Freud's model of consciousness divides the mind into which three levels?
Freud's model of consciousness divides the mind into which three levels?
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What is the main idea of the Global Workspace Hypothesis?
What is the main idea of the Global Workspace Hypothesis?
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What does subliminal perception refer to?
What does subliminal perception refer to?
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Which wave type is associated with deep sleep?
Which wave type is associated with deep sleep?
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What is the term used to describe the learned association in classical conditioning between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus?
What is the term used to describe the learned association in classical conditioning between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus?
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How do stimulants primarily affect the nervous system?
How do stimulants primarily affect the nervous system?
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Night terrors typically occur during which stage of sleep?
Night terrors typically occur during which stage of sleep?
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Which type of reinforcement involves a stimulus being presented to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again?
Which type of reinforcement involves a stimulus being presented to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again?
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In operant conditioning, what is the effect of positive punishment?
In operant conditioning, what is the effect of positive punishment?
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What does spontaneous recovery refer to in the context of classical conditioning?
What does spontaneous recovery refer to in the context of classical conditioning?
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Which concept involves learning by observing and imitating others?
Which concept involves learning by observing and imitating others?
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What is the main difference between primary and secondary reinforcement?
What is the main difference between primary and secondary reinforcement?
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What does extinction refer to in a classical conditioning framework?
What does extinction refer to in a classical conditioning framework?
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Which schedule of reinforcement provides a reward after a set number of responses?
Which schedule of reinforcement provides a reward after a set number of responses?
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Study Notes
Sensation, Transduction, and Perception
- Sensation: Sensory organs receive stimulus energy from the environment and convert it into electrical energy.
- Transduction: The conversion of stimulus energies into electrical energy.
- Perception: The neural processing of electrical energy, organizing, constructing, and interpreting sensory information.
- Psychophysics: The relationship between physical environmental stimuli and how we perceive them.
- Absolute Threshold: The minimum amount of stimulus required for a person to detect it.
- Signal Detection Theory: Measuring thresholds considering stimulus intensity and psychological biases.
- Difference Threshold: The smallest noticeable difference between two stimuli half the time (Weber's Law).
- Weber's Law: The noticeable difference is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus.
- Adaptation: Decreased responsiveness to a constant stimulus over time.
Vision
- Wavelength: Distance between two peaks of a wave.
- Frequency: Number of cycles per second of a wave.
- Amplitude: Height of a wave.
- Visible Spectrum: The range of light wavelengths humans can see.
- Pupil: Hole in the iris that allows light to enter the eye.
- Iris: Colored muscle circling the pupil.
- Lens: Membrane focusing light from the retina.
- Accommodation: Adjustment of lens thickness to focus light.
- Presbyopia: Difficulty seeing close up due to lens elasticity loss with age.
- Retina: Back surface containing photoreceptor cells.
- Rods: Photoreceptor cells supporting low-light vision.
- Cones: Photoreceptor cells enabling high-resolution color vision.
- Visual Transduction: Light energy to electrical energy conversion in photoreceptors.
- Myopia (Nearsightedness): Inability to see distant objects clearly.
- Hyperopia (Farsightedness): Inability to see near objects clearly.
- Optic Nerve: Bundle of axons transmitting signals from the retina to the brain.
- Blind Spot: Area on the retina lacking photoreceptors.
- Fovea: Central pit in the retina with high cone density.
- Magnification Factor: Areas needing detailed discrimination receive more brain representation.
Color Vision Theories
- Trichromatic Theory: Three types of cones sensitive to different wavelengths combine to produce color perception.
- Opponent-Process Theory: Cone information separated into opposing color channels (e.g., red/green, blue/yellow).
- Purkinje Shift: Color perception changes in low light as sensitivity shifts to shorter wavelengths.
Other Senses
- Proprioception: Awareness of body position.
- Vestibular System: Inner ear system for balance.
- Kinesthesis: Awareness of body movement and position (includes proprioception and vestibular).
- Olfaction (Smell): Olfactory receptor neurons in nasal epithelium send signals to the olfactory bulb.
- Olfactory Bulb: Brain structure receiving olfactory information.
- Glomeruli: Clusters of neurons in the olfactory bulb.
- Primary Olfactory Cortex: Area processing smell information.
- Gustation (Taste): Taste perception.
- Gestalt Psychology: Perception is more than the sum of its parts, integrating different stimuli.
- Structuralism: Perception is fundamental building blocks.
Depth Perception
- Binocular Cues: Depth information from both eyes.
- Binocular Disparity: Difference in images projected onto each eye.
- Monocular Cues: Depth information from one eye.
- Relative Size: Closer objects project larger images.
- Relative Height: Higher objects appear further away.
- Interposition: Objects partially blocking others appear further.
- Linear Perspective: Lines converging at a vanishing point suggest depth.
- Relative Motion: Movement of objects across the visual field reveals depth.
- Size Constancy: Perceiving objects as the same size despite retinal image changes.
- Color Constancy: Perceiving colors consistently despite changes in lighting.
- Selective Attention: Focusing on one stimulus while filtering others.
Other Visual Processing
- Feature Detectors: Cells in the visual cortex responding to basic features (lines, edges).
- Visual Association Cortex: Region reconstructing objects from feature information and prior knowledge.
- Prosopagnosia: Inability to recognize faces.
- Phi Phenomenon: Illusion of movement from rapid image flashes.
Additional Note:
- Humans have more rods than cones.
- Insects can see a wider spectrum of light.
- Some animals use echolocation.
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Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of sensation, transduction, and perception in this quiz. Analyze how sensory organs convert stimuli into perception and the principles of psychophysics that govern our sensory experiences. Test your knowledge on thresholds and the laws of sensation.
