Sensation, Transduction, and Perception
34 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the process called that converts stimulus energies to electrical energy?

  • Adaptation
  • Transduction (correct)
  • Sensation
  • Perception

Which term refers to the minimum amount of stimuli required for a person to notice a stimulus?

  • Weber's Law
  • Absolute Threshold (correct)
  • Difference Threshold
  • Signal Detection Theory

Signal Detection Theory takes into account which of the following factors?

  • The actual physical properties of the stimulus
  • Both the intensity of the stimulus and psychological biases (correct)
  • Psychological biases only
  • The intensity of the stimulus only

What does Weber's Law state about perceiving a stimulus?

<p>It is proportional to the significance of the stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the iris in the human eye?

<p>To control the size of the pupil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'difference threshold'?

<p>The minimum difference required to notice a change half the time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does adaptation refer to in sensory perception?

<p>Reduced sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is primarily responsible for focusing light on the retina?

<p>Lens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition makes it harder to see objects that are close?

<p>Presbyopia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the retina are primarily responsible for nighttime vision?

<p>Rods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the small pit in the middle of the eye that is densely packed with cones?

<p>Fovea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which theory of color perception do three types of cone cells work together?

<p>Trichromatic Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What visual phenomenon occurs when flashing images in rapid succession create the illusion of fluid movement?

<p>Phi Phenomenon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which visual disorder is characterized by the inability to recognize faces?

<p>Prosopagnosia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cues involve the gathering of depth information from the separation of a person's two eyes?

<p>Binocular Cues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts refers to the brain's ability to adjust perception based on the distance of an object?

<p>Size constancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the optic nerve?

<p>To transmit visual information to the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which visual process is particularly influenced by prior knowledge and experience?

<p>Visual Association (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inattentional blindness?

<p>A failure to perceive information outside of your focus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep disorder involves a person acting out their dreams?

<p>REM Behavior Disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud's model of consciousness divides the mind into which three levels?

<p>Conscious, preconscious, dynamic unconscious (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of the Global Workspace Hypothesis?

<p>Consciousness arises from various brain regions coordinating and communicating. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does subliminal perception refer to?

<p>Perception of stimuli without conscious awareness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wave type is associated with deep sleep?

<p>Delta Waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the learned association in classical conditioning between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus?

<p>Acquisition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do stimulants primarily affect the nervous system?

<p>They increase activity levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Night terrors typically occur during which stage of sleep?

<p>Deep sleep (stage 3) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement involves a stimulus being presented to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again?

<p>Positive Reinforcement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what is the effect of positive punishment?

<p>Decreased likelihood of behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does spontaneous recovery refer to in the context of classical conditioning?

<p>Reappearance of an extinct behavior after a delay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept involves learning by observing and imitating others?

<p>Cultural Transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between primary and secondary reinforcement?

<p>Primary fulfills a biological need; secondary is learned (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does extinction refer to in a classical conditioning framework?

<p>Weakened conditioned response due to lack of unconditioned stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule of reinforcement provides a reward after a set number of responses?

<p>Fixed-Ratio Schedule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Presbyopia

A condition that makes it harder to see close objects.

Retina

The surface at the back of the eye containing photoreceptor cells.

Rods

Photoreceptor cells mainly for seeing at night.

Cones

Photoreceptor cells for high-resolution color vision.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Visual Transduction

Converting light energy to electrical energy in the photoreceptor cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Myopia

Nearsightedness (difficulty seeing distant objects).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyperopia

Farsightedness (difficulty seeing close objects).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Optic Nerve

Bundle of axons transmitting signals from the retina to the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blind Spot

Area in the eye with no photoreceptors, no vision there.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fovea

Small pit in the center of the eye with many cones.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sensation

The process where sensory organs receive stimuli from the environment and convert it into electrical energy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transduction

The conversion of stimulus energy (like light or sound) into electrical signals that the nervous system can understand.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Perception

The brain's interpretation and organization of sensory information, creating a meaningful understanding of the world.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychophysics

The study of the relationship between physical stimuli and how we perceive them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Absolute Threshold

The minimum amount of stimulus energy needed for a person to notice it at least half the time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Signal Detection Theory

A theory that considers both the intensity of the stimulus and psychological factors (like expectations and motivation) in determining detection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Difference Threshold

The smallest difference between two stimuli that a person can reliably detect half the time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Weber's Law

The principle that the difference threshold for a stimulus is proportional to the intensity of the original stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Selective Attention

The ability to focus on a specific aspect of the environment while ignoring other stimuli.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inattentional Blindness

Failing to notice something that is visually present because you are focused on something else.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Change Blindness

The inability to notice a change in a visual scene, even when it's obvious after the change is pointed out.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Automaticity

Performing a task without conscious awareness because of repeated practice.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Freud's Model of Consciousness

A theory that suggests consciousness is like an iceberg: the conscious mind is what we are aware of, the preconscious is accessible information, and the unconscious is hidden motivations and desires.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Classical Conditioning

Learning through association between a neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to a learned response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sleep Apnea

A sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts due to airway obstruction or breathing control issues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder where someone experiences sudden, uncontrollable episodes of sleep.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with the US, comes to elicit a response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by an inability to fall or stay asleep, resulting in insufficient sleep.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to the CS after repeated pairing with the US.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Operant Conditioning

Learning through association between a behavior and its consequences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positive Reinforcement

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior by adding something desirable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Negative Reinforcement

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior by removing something undesirable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Punishment

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Sensation, Transduction, and Perception

  • Sensation: Sensory organs receive stimulus energy from the environment and convert it into electrical energy.
  • Transduction: The conversion of stimulus energies into electrical energy.
  • Perception: The neural processing of electrical energy, organizing, constructing, and interpreting sensory information.
  • Psychophysics: The relationship between physical environmental stimuli and how we perceive them.
  • Absolute Threshold: The minimum amount of stimulus required for a person to detect it.
  • Signal Detection Theory: Measuring thresholds considering stimulus intensity and psychological biases.
  • Difference Threshold: The smallest noticeable difference between two stimuli half the time (Weber's Law).
  • Weber's Law: The noticeable difference is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus.
  • Adaptation: Decreased responsiveness to a constant stimulus over time.

Vision

  • Wavelength: Distance between two peaks of a wave.
  • Frequency: Number of cycles per second of a wave.
  • Amplitude: Height of a wave.
  • Visible Spectrum: The range of light wavelengths humans can see.
  • Pupil: Hole in the iris that allows light to enter the eye.
  • Iris: Colored muscle circling the pupil.
  • Lens: Membrane focusing light from the retina.
  • Accommodation: Adjustment of lens thickness to focus light.
  • Presbyopia: Difficulty seeing close up due to lens elasticity loss with age.
  • Retina: Back surface containing photoreceptor cells.
  • Rods: Photoreceptor cells supporting low-light vision.
  • Cones: Photoreceptor cells enabling high-resolution color vision.
  • Visual Transduction: Light energy to electrical energy conversion in photoreceptors.
  • Myopia (Nearsightedness): Inability to see distant objects clearly.
  • Hyperopia (Farsightedness): Inability to see near objects clearly.
  • Optic Nerve: Bundle of axons transmitting signals from the retina to the brain.
  • Blind Spot: Area on the retina lacking photoreceptors.
  • Fovea: Central pit in the retina with high cone density.
  • Magnification Factor: Areas needing detailed discrimination receive more brain representation.

Color Vision Theories

  • Trichromatic Theory: Three types of cones sensitive to different wavelengths combine to produce color perception.
  • Opponent-Process Theory: Cone information separated into opposing color channels (e.g., red/green, blue/yellow).
  • Purkinje Shift: Color perception changes in low light as sensitivity shifts to shorter wavelengths.

Other Senses

  • Proprioception: Awareness of body position.
  • Vestibular System: Inner ear system for balance.
  • Kinesthesis: Awareness of body movement and position (includes proprioception and vestibular).
  • Olfaction (Smell): Olfactory receptor neurons in nasal epithelium send signals to the olfactory bulb.
  • Olfactory Bulb: Brain structure receiving olfactory information.
  • Glomeruli: Clusters of neurons in the olfactory bulb.
  • Primary Olfactory Cortex: Area processing smell information.
  • Gustation (Taste): Taste perception.
  • Gestalt Psychology: Perception is more than the sum of its parts, integrating different stimuli.
  • Structuralism: Perception is fundamental building blocks.

Depth Perception

  • Binocular Cues: Depth information from both eyes.
  • Binocular Disparity: Difference in images projected onto each eye.
  • Monocular Cues: Depth information from one eye.
  • Relative Size: Closer objects project larger images.
  • Relative Height: Higher objects appear further away.
  • Interposition: Objects partially blocking others appear further.
  • Linear Perspective: Lines converging at a vanishing point suggest depth.
  • Relative Motion: Movement of objects across the visual field reveals depth.
  • Size Constancy: Perceiving objects as the same size despite retinal image changes.
  • Color Constancy: Perceiving colors consistently despite changes in lighting.
  • Selective Attention: Focusing on one stimulus while filtering others.

Other Visual Processing

  • Feature Detectors: Cells in the visual cortex responding to basic features (lines, edges).
  • Visual Association Cortex: Region reconstructing objects from feature information and prior knowledge.
  • Prosopagnosia: Inability to recognize faces.
  • Phi Phenomenon: Illusion of movement from rapid image flashes.

Additional Note:

  • Humans have more rods than cones.
  • Insects can see a wider spectrum of light.
  • Some animals use echolocation.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Explore the fascinating concepts of sensation, transduction, and perception in this quiz. Analyze how sensory organs convert stimuli into perception and the principles of psychophysics that govern our sensory experiences. Test your knowledge on thresholds and the laws of sensation.

More Like This

Sensation and Perception Quiz
24 questions

Sensation and Perception Quiz

AdventuresomeCherryTree avatar
AdventuresomeCherryTree
Psychology Definitions Quiz: Sensation, Perception, Transduction
12 questions

Psychology Definitions Quiz: Sensation, Perception, Transduction

IncrediblePortland avatar
IncrediblePortland
Sensation and Perception Overview
5 questions

Sensation and Perception Overview

SpotlessTransformation avatar
SpotlessTransformation
Sensation et Perception - Chapitre Sensoriel
48 questions

Sensation et Perception - Chapitre Sensoriel

ThrivingWendigo8606 avatar
ThrivingWendigo8606
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser