Sensation and Perception Quiz

24 Questions

What is the primary function of the process of segregation in perceptual organisation?

To separate parts of a scene into separate wholes

Which principle of grouping states that aligned or nearly aligned contours are grouped together to form a single object?

Good continuation

What is the name of the principle of grouping that translates to 'good figure'?

Pragnanz

According to the principle of proximity, which objects are more likely to be grouped together?

Objects that are closer together

What is the primary function of perceptual organisation?

To perceive objects and scenes

Which principle of grouping suggests that elements within the same region of space tend to group together?

Common region

What is the purpose of the process of grouping in perceptual organisation?

To form a perceptual whole from parts of an image

Which principle of grouping states that similar objects are more likely to be grouped together?

Principle of similarity

What was the outcome of Athalye et al's investigation on object recognition systems?

They discovered that the systems could be misclassified with certain types of images.

What is a reason why object perception is challenging for machines?

Objects can be partially occluded or blurry.

According to the structuralism theory, what is the relationship between sensations and perceptions?

Perceptions are the sum of elementary sensations.

What is a key difference between structuralism and gestaltism?

Gestaltism proposes that conscious awareness can have characteristics not present in elementary sensations.

What is an example of apparent motion, as described in the context of gestaltism?

When two stationary dots are flashed in succession to an observer, creating the perception of motion.

Why do machines find it difficult to recognize objects in unexpected poses or angles?

Because the retinal image is different from the usual poses or angles.

What is a common challenge in object recognition systems, as demonstrated by Athalye et al's study?

Misclassification of objects due to unexpected orientations.

What is the primary claim of gestaltism regarding conscious awareness?

Conscious awareness can have characteristics not present in elementary sensations.

What is the primary goal of the principles of segregation in object perception?

To distinguish objects from the background

According to the Gestalt principle of uniform connectedness, what tends to be grouped together?

Connected regions with the same visual characteristics

What is the primary finding of Potter's study on gist perception?

Observers were able to identify scenes with near 100% accuracy

What is the minimum scene exposure time required to perceive a scene's gist, according to Fei-Fei's study?

40ms

What is the primary characteristic of figural properties in object perception?

They are convex or bulging out

What is the term used to describe the overall perception of a scene when it is flashed rapidly in front of an observer?

Gist perception

Which Gestalt principle of grouping states that objects that are close together tend to be grouped together?

Proximity

What is the primary purpose of the principles of segregation in object perception?

To distinguish objects from the background and other objects

Study Notes

Object Perception Challenges

Object recognition systems can misclassify images, even with unexpected orientations (Athalye et al)
Misclassifications occur with natural images presented at unexpected orientations (Alcon)

Why Object Perception is Hard

Ambiguous stimuli on the retina (all lines form the same retinal image)
Partially occluded or blurry objects are difficult for machines to detect
Objects appear different from different poses, making it hard for machines to recognize them

Structuralism vs. Gestaltism

Structuralism

Proposed by Edward Titchener
Distinguishes between sensations and perceptions
Sensations are elementary processes responding to stimuli
Perceptions are conscious awareness of objects and scenes
Theory claims that sensations combine to form perceptions

Gestaltism

Directly contradicts structuralism
Claims that conscious awareness is more than the sum of elementary sensations
Conscious awareness can have characteristics not present in any of the elementary sensations

Supporting Gestaltism

Apparent motion: flashing stationary dots in succession creates the perception of motion
Illusory contours: conscious awareness of contours not present in the physical image

Gestalt Principles of Grouping

Humans perceive objects and scenes due to perceptual organization
Two processes: grouping and segregation
Grouping: parts of an image are bound together to form a perceptual whole
Segregation: parts of a scene are separated to form separate wholes

Principles of Grouping

Good continuation: aligned contours are grouped together
Pragnanz: groupings occur to make the resultant figure as simple as possible
Similarity: similar objects are more likely to be grouped together
Proximity: objects closer together are more likely to be grouped together
Common fate: objects moving in the same way are grouped together
Common region: elements within the same region of space tend to group together
Uniform connectedness: connected regions with the same visual characteristics tend to group together

Principles of Segregation

Figure-ground segregation: different objects are separated from each other and the background
Figural properties: convex shapes, at the bottom of the image, recognizable, or part of past experience

Gist Perception

Rapidly flashed images allow for overall perception of the scene (gist)
Potter's study: observers accurately identified scenes after rapid exposure
Fei-Fei's study: minimum scene exposure time needed to perceive a scene's gist is 27-40 ms

This quiz assesses knowledge on sensation and perception, including object recognition systems, misclassifications, and the challenges of object perception.

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