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Questions and Answers
What is measured in decibels (dB)?
What is measured in decibels (dB)?
Which part of the ear is responsible for funneling sound?
Which part of the ear is responsible for funneling sound?
What is the frequency range that humans can typically hear?
What is the frequency range that humans can typically hear?
What defines the quality of sound in relation to its waveform complexity?
What defines the quality of sound in relation to its waveform complexity?
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Which component of the ear does not play a role in the transmission of sound vibrations?
Which component of the ear does not play a role in the transmission of sound vibrations?
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What does Weber's Law state about stimulus perception?
What does Weber's Law state about stimulus perception?
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What is the term for the smallest difference a person can reliably detect?
What is the term for the smallest difference a person can reliably detect?
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In the context of measuring senses, what does 'absolute threshold' refer to?
In the context of measuring senses, what does 'absolute threshold' refer to?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of psychophysics?
Which of the following is NOT an example of psychophysics?
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According to Weber's Law, what percentage must light intensity differ for perception?
According to Weber's Law, what percentage must light intensity differ for perception?
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What type of stimuli is described as being sensed unconsciously?
What type of stimuli is described as being sensed unconsciously?
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What aspect of Signal Detection Theory emphasizes the observer's response?
What aspect of Signal Detection Theory emphasizes the observer's response?
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What does the just noticeable difference (jnd) depend on, according to Weber's Fraction?
What does the just noticeable difference (jnd) depend on, according to Weber's Fraction?
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What percentage of correct detections corresponds to the threshold for subliminal stimuli?
What percentage of correct detections corresponds to the threshold for subliminal stimuli?
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What is the primary function of sensory receptors in relation to sensation?
What is the primary function of sensory receptors in relation to sensation?
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How does bottom-up processing differ from top-down processing?
How does bottom-up processing differ from top-down processing?
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What does the doctrine of specific nerve energies explain?
What does the doctrine of specific nerve energies explain?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a sense that possesses its own sensory organ?
Which of the following is NOT considered a sense that possesses its own sensory organ?
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What role do synapses play in vision, hearing, and taste?
What role do synapses play in vision, hearing, and taste?
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The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information is known as:
The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information is known as:
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Which type of processing is guided primarily by prior knowledge and experiences?
Which type of processing is guided primarily by prior knowledge and experiences?
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What is the phenomenon called when sensation fades in response to unchanged or repetitious stimuli?
What is the phenomenon called when sensation fades in response to unchanged or repetitious stimuli?
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Within which range of wavelengths does visible light fall?
Within which range of wavelengths does visible light fall?
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What does it mean when a person is described as myopic?
What does it mean when a person is described as myopic?
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Which part of the eye is responsible for changing size to control light entry?
Which part of the eye is responsible for changing size to control light entry?
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What is the primary function of the lens in the eye?
What is the primary function of the lens in the eye?
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Which of the following correctly relates wavelength and frequency in the context of light?
Which of the following correctly relates wavelength and frequency in the context of light?
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What type of light does a person with hyperopia clearly perceive?
What type of light does a person with hyperopia clearly perceive?
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Which structure of the eye is primarily made of transparent tissue that initially refracts light?
Which structure of the eye is primarily made of transparent tissue that initially refracts light?
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What does the process of accommodation refer to in vision?
What does the process of accommodation refer to in vision?
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Which of the following is NOT a physical property associated with waves?
Which of the following is NOT a physical property associated with waves?
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What happens to the retinal image before it reaches perception?
What happens to the retinal image before it reaches perception?
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Which cells are responsible for the first level of color processing?
Which cells are responsible for the first level of color processing?
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What describes the function of feature detectors in visual processing?
What describes the function of feature detectors in visual processing?
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Which theory explains the mechanism of color perception involving pairs of colors?
Which theory explains the mechanism of color perception involving pairs of colors?
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Where are the cones predominantly located in the eye?
Where are the cones predominantly located in the eye?
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What does color constancy allow us to perceive?
What does color constancy allow us to perceive?
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What is the second stage of visual processing after cones, involving ganglion cells and the thalamus?
What is the second stage of visual processing after cones, involving ganglion cells and the thalamus?
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Which type of vision is primarily associated with rods?
Which type of vision is primarily associated with rods?
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What is a common characteristic of sensory adaptation in vision?
What is a common characteristic of sensory adaptation in vision?
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Why might individuals with red-green deficiency struggle visually?
Why might individuals with red-green deficiency struggle visually?
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Chemical messages that communicate reproductive status between species members are known as ________.
Chemical messages that communicate reproductive status between species members are known as ________.
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Which taste profile is specifically linked to the presence of monosodium glutamate?
Which taste profile is specifically linked to the presence of monosodium glutamate?
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Which type of sensory receptors primarily responds to temperature and pain?
Which type of sensory receptors primarily responds to temperature and pain?
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What system in the human body is crucial for maintaining balance and body posture?
What system in the human body is crucial for maintaining balance and body posture?
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Which principle states that objects close to one another tend to be perceived as a group?
Which principle states that objects close to one another tend to be perceived as a group?
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What term describes the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to be detected 50% of the time?
What term describes the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to be detected 50% of the time?
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Our tendency to view forms as complete wholes rather than a collection of parts is referred to as the principle of ________.
Our tendency to view forms as complete wholes rather than a collection of parts is referred to as the principle of ________.
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Decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as what?
Decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as what?
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The law that leads us to perceive smooth and flowing lines instead of jagged ones is known as ________.
The law that leads us to perceive smooth and flowing lines instead of jagged ones is known as ________.
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What is the main focus point in a visual display called?
What is the main focus point in a visual display called?
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Which process involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses?
Which process involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses?
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What term describes the conscious experience and interpretation of sensory information?
What term describes the conscious experience and interpretation of sensory information?
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Which concept explains the phenomenon where an observer is influenced by their previous knowledge and experiences while perceiving stimuli?
Which concept explains the phenomenon where an observer is influenced by their previous knowledge and experiences while perceiving stimuli?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sensory adaptation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sensory adaptation?
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As we move from short wavelengths to long wavelengths, the correct order of color perception is?
As we move from short wavelengths to long wavelengths, the correct order of color perception is?
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Which range does the visible spectrum of light typically cover?
Which range does the visible spectrum of light typically cover?
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What type of hearing loss might be treated effectively with hearing aids?
What type of hearing loss might be treated effectively with hearing aids?
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What quality of sound is influenced by frequency, amplitude, and the timing of a sound wave?
What quality of sound is influenced by frequency, amplitude, and the timing of a sound wave?
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Which small indentation in the retina contains cones and is crucial for high acuity vision?
Which small indentation in the retina contains cones and is crucial for high acuity vision?
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What is the term for depth cues that require the usage of both eyes?
What is the term for depth cues that require the usage of both eyes?
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Study Notes
Sensation and Perception
- Sensation involves detecting physical energy from the environment or the body, stimulating receptors in the sense organs.
- Perception is the process where the brain organizes and interprets sensory information.
- The image used in page 1 of the slides shows the concept of perception. While there are multiple faces, there is only one image
- Sensation and perception are distinct processes
- The different types of senses in the auditory, visual, smell, pressure, pain, taste and touch senses.
- The sensory receptors for each sense are specialized cells.
- Each sense has its own sense organ and sensory receptors
- Smell, pressure, pain and temperature.
- Receptors are extensions of sensory neurons.
- Vision, hearing and taste.
- Specific receptors are specialized cells and are separated from sensory neurons by synaptic regions.
- Various stimuli are converted to electrical impulses (neural-action potential).
- Nervous system encodes messages
- The doctrine of specific nerve energies means different sensory modalities exist as different nerve pathways are stimulated.
Sensation- Basic Principles
- Psychophysics is the study of relationships from physical characteristics of stimuli to our psychological experience of them.
- Examples of basic principles:
- Light-brightness
- Sound- volume
- Pressure- weight
- Taste- sweetness
Measuring the Senses
- Absolute Thresholds: The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
- Difference Thresholds: The minimum difference between two stimuli that a person can reliably detect. Also known as Just Noticeable Difference (JND).
Weber's Law
- Weber's Law states that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as different.
Sensation- Thresholds
- Weber's Law: to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
- Light intensity - 8%
- Weight - 2%
- Tone frequency -0.3%
Signal Detection Theory
- Signal detection theory explains that detecting a stimulus involves both sensory processes (stimulus intensity) and decision processes (observer's response bias)
Sensation- Subliminal
- Subliminal stimuli are below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
Sensory Adaptation
- Sensation fades if stimuli remain unchanged or repetitive.
Vision
- The visible spectrum is a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (400-700 nm).
- The eye has various parts including the cornea, pupil, iris, lens, and retina.
- Accommodation is the process where the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
- Myopia (nearsightedness) is when near objects are seen clearly, while far objects are not.
- Hyperopia (farsightedness) is when far objects are seen clearly, while near objects are not.
Retinal Image
- The image projected onto the retina is upside down, but the brain interprets it upright.
Rods and Cones
- Rods are receptors for black and white vision, and are located outside the fovea (center of the retina).
- Cones are receptors for color vision, and are concentrated in the fovea.
Visual Information Processing
- Feature detectors are nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features, like shape, angle, or movement.
- Parallel processing is the simultaneous processing of several aspects of a visual stimulus.
Illusory Contours
- Illusory contours are perceived edges or shapes that are not actually present in the stimulus.
Sound
- Properties of sound include: loudness (intensity), pitch (frequency), and timbre (complexity/quality).
- Loudness is related to the intensity of the wave, which is measured in decibels (dB).
- Pitch is related to the frequency of the wave, which is measured in Hertz (Hz).
- Timbre is related to the complexity of the wave.
Anatomy of the Ear
- The outer ear (pinna and ear canal) funnels sounds to the eardrum.
- The middle ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup) amplifies vibrations of sound.
- The inner ear (cochlea) contains the receptor cells (hair cells) that transduce sound vibrations into neural impulses sent to the brain.
- Different frequencies stimulate receptors at different points in the cochlea.
Perceiving Pitch
- Place theory proposes that pitch is determined by the location of the stimulated hair cells on the basilar membrane in the cochlea.
- Frequency theory suggests that pitch is related to the rate of nerve impulses sent from the auditory nerve to the brain.
Hearing Loss
- Loss of hearing can be due to conduction hearing loss of damage to the mechanical system which conducts sound waves to the cochlea, or to sensorineural hearing loss due to damage to the cochlea's receptor cells, or the auditory nerve.
Receptor Cells
- Hair cells are embedded in the basilar membrane.
- Pressure on the cochlea (when it is reached) causes the hair cells and basilar membrane to move.
Higher Auditory Processing
- Different frequencies (pitches) of sounds excite the corresponding sensory neurons in the cochlear, which in turn sends input to different parts of the auditory cortex.
- Different acoustic area in the cortex correspond to different ranges of frequencies.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of sensation and perception, highlighting how physical energy is detected by sensory organs and processed in the brain. Key topics include different types of senses, specialized sensory receptors, and the distinction between sensation and perception. Test your understanding of how our brain interprets sensory information through various mechanisms.
