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Questions and Answers
What is the process called when physical energy is converted into neural signals?
What is the process called when physical energy is converted into neural signals?
Which type of energy is transduced by the ear?
Which type of energy is transduced by the ear?
What does psychophysics study?
What does psychophysics study?
Anatomical coding helps to interpret which of the following?
Anatomical coding helps to interpret which of the following?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a type of energy transduced by the skin?
Which of the following is NOT considered a type of energy transduced by the skin?
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Which organ is responsible for recognizing molecular shapes associated with odors?
Which organ is responsible for recognizing molecular shapes associated with odors?
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Which term describes the organization and interpretation of sensations?
Which term describes the organization and interpretation of sensations?
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Which type of sensation is related to the vestibular system?
Which type of sensation is related to the vestibular system?
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What is the primary function of the retina in the eye?
What is the primary function of the retina in the eye?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for receiving signals from the optic nerves?
Which part of the brain is responsible for receiving signals from the optic nerves?
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What is parallel processing in visual information processing?
What is parallel processing in visual information processing?
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Where are specific combinations of brain activity related to object recognition localized?
Where are specific combinations of brain activity related to object recognition localized?
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What role does the sclera play in the structure of the eye?
What role does the sclera play in the structure of the eye?
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What is the term for the diminished sensitivity to constant stimulation?
What is the term for the diminished sensitivity to constant stimulation?
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Which part of the eye is responsible for changing the size of the pupil to regulate light intake?
Which part of the eye is responsible for changing the size of the pupil to regulate light intake?
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What determines the hue (color) of light?
What determines the hue (color) of light?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between intensity and perceived brightness?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between intensity and perceived brightness?
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In the context of light, what does the amplitude of a wave represent?
In the context of light, what does the amplitude of a wave represent?
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What does the term 'wavelength' specifically refer to in the study of light?
What does the term 'wavelength' specifically refer to in the study of light?
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How do different wavelengths of light affect color perception?
How do different wavelengths of light affect color perception?
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What role does the cornea play in vision?
What role does the cornea play in vision?
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What is the Just Noticeable Difference (JND)?
What is the Just Noticeable Difference (JND)?
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According to Weber's Law, how do stimuli need to differ to be perceived as different?
According to Weber's Law, how do stimuli need to differ to be perceived as different?
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What is the Absolute Threshold?
What is the Absolute Threshold?
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What does the Subliminal Threshold refer to?
What does the Subliminal Threshold refer to?
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What does Bottom-up processing involve?
What does Bottom-up processing involve?
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Which of the following best defines Top-down processing?
Which of the following best defines Top-down processing?
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Which of the following is true regarding the Just Noticeable Difference?
Which of the following is true regarding the Just Noticeable Difference?
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What percentage difference (constant k) is required for light to be perceived as different according to Weber's Law?
What percentage difference (constant k) is required for light to be perceived as different according to Weber's Law?
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What type of eye movement is used for scanning a visual scene rapidly?
What type of eye movement is used for scanning a visual scene rapidly?
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Which dimension is associated with the wavelength of light in color vision?
Which dimension is associated with the wavelength of light in color vision?
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What describes the amount of energy of light radiation in color vision?
What describes the amount of energy of light radiation in color vision?
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Which defect is characterized by red cones filled with green photopigment?
Which defect is characterized by red cones filled with green photopigment?
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What condition involves blindness to blue hues due to a lack of blue cones?
What condition involves blindness to blue hues due to a lack of blue cones?
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Which type of eye movement keeps a moving image on the foveas?
Which type of eye movement keeps a moving image on the foveas?
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What is the term for a genetic disorder characterized by the inability to see red or green colors?
What is the term for a genetic disorder characterized by the inability to see red or green colors?
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Which condition is associated with green cones filled with red photopigment?
Which condition is associated with green cones filled with red photopigment?
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What do we call the process of converting physical energy (a stimulus) from the environment into neural signals?
What do we call the process of converting physical energy (a stimulus) from the environment into neural signals?
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What do we call the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting our sensations?
What do we call the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting our sensations?
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Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?
Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?
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Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing auditory information?
Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing auditory information?
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What is the process called where sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals?
What is the process called where sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals?
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What is the name of the systematic study that examines the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensations they produce?
What is the name of the systematic study that examines the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensations they produce?
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What is the term for the smallest difference between two similar stimuli that can be distinguished?
What is the term for the smallest difference between two similar stimuli that can be distinguished?
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What is the term used to describe the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time?
What is the term used to describe the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time?
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What is the term used to describe stimuli that are below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness?
What is the term used to describe stimuli that are below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness?
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What is the name of the theory that suggests that our perception of stimuli is influenced by both sensory information and our expectations, beliefs, and experiences?
What is the name of the theory that suggests that our perception of stimuli is influenced by both sensory information and our expectations, beliefs, and experiences?
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What is the term used to describe the type of processing that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind?
What is the term used to describe the type of processing that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind?
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What is the term used to describe the type of processing that is guided by higher-level mental processes, such as our experience and expectations?
What is the term used to describe the type of processing that is guided by higher-level mental processes, such as our experience and expectations?
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Sensory adaptation refers to the fact that our senses become less sensitive to constant stimuli over time.
Sensory adaptation refers to the fact that our senses become less sensitive to constant stimuli over time.
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What is the term used to describe the dimension of color determined by the wavelength of light?
What is the term used to describe the dimension of color determined by the wavelength of light?
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What is the term used to describe the amount of energy in a wave determined by its amplitude, which is related to perceived brightness?
What is the term used to describe the amount of energy in a wave determined by its amplitude, which is related to perceived brightness?
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What is the term used to describe the purity of a color, representing the extent to which a specific wavelength is dominant?
What is the term used to describe the purity of a color, representing the extent to which a specific wavelength is dominant?
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Which part of the eye is a transparent tissue that allows light to enter?
Which part of the eye is a transparent tissue that allows light to enter?
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Which part of the eye is a muscle that expands or contracts to control the size of the pupil and thus the amount of light entering the eye?
Which part of the eye is a muscle that expands or contracts to control the size of the pupil and thus the amount of light entering the eye?
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Which part of the eye focuses light rays onto the retina?
Which part of the eye focuses light rays onto the retina?
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Which part of the eye contains sensory receptors that process visual information and send it to the brain?
Which part of the eye contains sensory receptors that process visual information and send it to the brain?
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Which part of the eye is the tough white coating that provides structural support?
Which part of the eye is the tough white coating that provides structural support?
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Nearsightedness occurs when the eye is too short, causing light to focus behind the retina.
Nearsightedness occurs when the eye is too short, causing light to focus behind the retina.
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Farsightedness, also known as hyperopia, occurs when the eye is too long, causing light to focus in front of the retina.
Farsightedness, also known as hyperopia, occurs when the eye is too long, causing light to focus in front of the retina.
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What are the two types of photoreceptor cells found in the retina?
What are the two types of photoreceptor cells found in the retina?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of eye movement?
Which of the following is NOT a type of eye movement?
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The trichromatic theory of color vision proposes that we have three types of cones, each sensitive to a different primary color (red, green, blue).
The trichromatic theory of color vision proposes that we have three types of cones, each sensitive to a different primary color (red, green, blue).
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Opponent-process theory of color vision proposes that color perception is based on three opponent channels (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white).
Opponent-process theory of color vision proposes that color perception is based on three opponent channels (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white).
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Study Notes
Sensation
- Sensation is the process of detecting physical energy from the environment and converting it into neural signals.
- Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations.
Sensory Processing
- Transduction: Converting physical energy into neural signals. Different sense organs transduce different types of energy.
- Sensory coding: Representing stimulus characteristics (like intensity and location) in patterns of neural activity.
- Psychophysics: Studying the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensations they produce. Includes methods to measure sensations.
Transduction Table
| Location of Sense Organ | Environmental Stimuli | Energy Transduced |
|---|---|---|
| Eye | Light | Radiant energy |
| Ear | Sound | Mechanical energy |
| Vestibular system | Tilt & Rotation | Mechanical energy |
| Tongue | Taste | Recognition of molecular shape |
| Nose | Odour | Recognition of molecular shape |
| Skin, Internal Organs | Touch, Temperature, Vibration | Mechanical energy, thermal energy, mechanical energy, |
| Muscle | Pain, Stretch | Chemical reaction, Mechanical energy |
Anatomical Coding
- Anatomical coding interprets stimulus location and type by observing which incoming nerve fibers are active.
Psychophysics
- The systematic study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations they produce.
- Absolute threshold: Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. Examples are provided for different senses.
- Just Noticeable Difference (JND): Smallest difference between two similar stimuli that can be distinguished. Also called the difference threshold. Weber's Law describes this.
- Weber's Law: Two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage rather than a constant amount to be perceived as different. Examples for light, weight, and tone are provided.
Subliminal Threshold
- When a stimulus is below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
Signal Detection Theory
- A theory examining the detection of a stimulus in the presence of noise (e.g., a faint light flash, a very quiet sound).
- There's a matrix showing hits, misses, false alarms, and correct rejections.
Bottom-up Processing
- Analysis of the stimulus starts with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain.
Top-down Processing
- Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes and drawing on experience and expectations.
Making Sense of Complexity
- Sensory and perceptual processes work together to organize complex information.
Sensing the World
- Senses are linked to an organism's needs. Examples are provided for frogs, moths, and humans.
Sensory Adaptation
- Diminished sensitivity to constant stimulation.
The Stimulus Input: Light Energy
- Visible spectrum is a part of the wider spectrum. The visual spectrum for humans is described.
Wavelength (Hue)
- Hue (color) is determined by wavelength. Shorter wavelengths are high frequency (bluish colors, high-pitched sounds) and longer wavelengths are low frequency (reddish colors, low-pitched sounds).
- Wavelength is the distance from one peak to the next. Specific examples are shown on a diagram, with values.
Intensity (Brightness)
- Intensity is related to perceived brightness. Higher amplitude means higher intensity (bright colors, loud sounds). Lower amplitude means lower intensity (dull colors, soft sounds).
Parts of the Eye
- The different parts of the eye (cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, sclera), and their functions are explained.
Eye and Defects
- Nearsightedness and farsightedness. Types of corrective lenses are explained.
Transduction of Light by Photoreceptors
- Photon hits photopigment, starts chemical reaction, results in neural message sent to the brain, which processes the sensory input visually.
Photoreceptors
- Cones and rods. Their differences in number, location, sensitivity, color vision, etc. are described in a table.
Visual Information Processing
- Optic nerves connect to the thalamus, which connects to the visual cortex.
Visual Information Processing (Parallel Processing)
- The brain processes different aspects of a visual scene (color, depth, form, movement) simultaneously.
Shape Detection
- Specific combinations of temporal lobe activity occur when people look at different shapes (shoes, faces, chairs, houses).
Eye Movements
- Vergence, saccadic, and pursuit movements are described.
Colour Vision
- The dimensions of color vision, specifically hue, brightness, and saturation and their physical correlations are described.
Color Mixing
- Additive (light) and subtractive (paint/printing) color mixing explained.
Color Blindness
- Explanation of the genetic disorder affecting color vision (green/red). The Ishihara test is mentioned.
Opponent Colors
- A demonstration of opponent colors. Look at the flag and stare at the dot after the flag disappears; you may see a different color.
Defects in Color Vision
Types of color vision deficits (protanopia, deuteranopia, tritanopia) are explained.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of sensation and perception in this quiz. Learn about transduction, sensory processing, and the relationship between stimuli and sensations. Test your knowledge on the roles of various sense organs and psychophysics.
