Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of sensation in the process of understanding the environment?
What is the primary function of sensation in the process of understanding the environment?
- Generating emotional responses to sensory input.
- Organizing and categorizing new sensory experiences.
- Interpreting complex patterns and forming abstract ideas.
- Receiving and representing stimulus energies from the environment. (correct)
In the context of sensory processing, what does transduction refer to?
In the context of sensory processing, what does transduction refer to?
- The process by which sensory receptors represent stimulus energies.
- The brain's interpretation of sensory information received from the environment.
- The ability to detect a change between two stimuli 50 percent of the time.
- The conversion of one form of energy into another that the brain can use. (correct)
What distinguishes an absolute threshold from a difference threshold?
What distinguishes an absolute threshold from a difference threshold?
- Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time, and difference threshold is the minimum difference between two stimuli needed for detection 50% of the time. (correct)
- Absolute thresholds are constant across individuals, while difference thresholds vary based on experience.
- Absolute thresholds apply to physical stimuli, while difference thresholds apply to emotional stimuli.
- Absolute thresholds involve conscious awareness, whereas difference thresholds operate unconsciously.
According to Weber's Law, if the just noticeable difference (JND) for a 100-gram weight is 5 grams, what would be the JND for a 500-gram weight?
According to Weber's Law, if the just noticeable difference (JND) for a 100-gram weight is 5 grams, what would be the JND for a 500-gram weight?
How do bottom-up and top-down processing differ in their approach to interpreting sensory information?
How do bottom-up and top-down processing differ in their approach to interpreting sensory information?
Which sequence correctly describes the passage of light through the structures of the eye?
Which sequence correctly describes the passage of light through the structures of the eye?
What roles do the iris and the lens play in visual processing?
What roles do the iris and the lens play in visual processing?
How do rods and cones contribute differently to vision?
How do rods and cones contribute differently to vision?
What is the main idea behind the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision?
What is the main idea behind the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision?
How does the Hering opponent-process theory explain afterimages?
How does the Hering opponent-process theory explain afterimages?
In the context of hearing, what role do the bones of the middle ear play?
In the context of hearing, what role do the bones of the middle ear play?
What is the primary function of taste buds in gustation (taste)?
What is the primary function of taste buds in gustation (taste)?
How does the sense of smell (olfaction) differ from the sense of taste (gustation) in stimulus detection?
How does the sense of smell (olfaction) differ from the sense of taste (gustation) in stimulus detection?
How do the kinesthetic and vestibular senses contribute to our perception of the world?
How do the kinesthetic and vestibular senses contribute to our perception of the world?
What is the impact of sensory interaction on taste perception?
What is the impact of sensory interaction on taste perception?
How does embodied cognition influence our judgments and preferences?
How does embodied cognition influence our judgments and preferences?
Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of synesthesia?
Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of synesthesia?
What is a perceptual set, and how does it influence our interpretation of sensory information?
What is a perceptual set, and how does it influence our interpretation of sensory information?
How does priming influence our perceptual set?
How does priming influence our perceptual set?
What role does context play in shaping our perceptual sets?
What role does context play in shaping our perceptual sets?
Why is selective attention necessary for effective sensory processing?
Why is selective attention necessary for effective sensory processing?
What is the 'cocktail party effect,' and what does it illustrate about attention?
What is the 'cocktail party effect,' and what does it illustrate about attention?
What is the key difference between selective attention and selective inattention?
What is the key difference between selective attention and selective inattention?
How do subliminal stimuli influence behavior, if at all?
How do subliminal stimuli influence behavior, if at all?
What is sensory adaptation, and how might it be adaptive?
What is sensory adaptation, and how might it be adaptive?
What does “Gestalt” mean, and how did Gestalt psychologists use it to understand perceptual organization?
What does “Gestalt” mean, and how did Gestalt psychologists use it to understand perceptual organization?
What is the significance of figure-ground relationships in visual perception?
What is the significance of figure-ground relationships in visual perception?
How do the Gestalt principles of proximity, continuity, and closure contribute to perceptual organization?
How do the Gestalt principles of proximity, continuity, and closure contribute to perceptual organization?
Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk used a visual cliff to study what aspect of human perception?
Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk used a visual cliff to study what aspect of human perception?
What is the role of binocular cues in judging depth?
What is the role of binocular cues in judging depth?
What is retinal disparity, and how does it contribute to depth perception?
What is retinal disparity, and how does it contribute to depth perception?
How does linear perspective contribute to our perception of depth?
How does linear perspective contribute to our perception of depth?
What is a visual illusion, and what does it reveal about the relationship between sensation and perception?
What is a visual illusion, and what does it reveal about the relationship between sensation and perception?
How does the Ames room illusion work?
How does the Ames room illusion work?
If a person perceives the sound of a tree falling in a forest when no one is around, but the sound waves are still present, is this sensation or perception?
If a person perceives the sound of a tree falling in a forest when no one is around, but the sound waves are still present, is this sensation or perception?
A chef adjusts the salt in a soup, adding a small amount until it tastes noticeably saltier. This adjustment relates most directly to which concept?
A chef adjusts the salt in a soup, adding a small amount until it tastes noticeably saltier. This adjustment relates most directly to which concept?
An experienced musician can often recognize a melody after hearing only a few notes. What type of processing does this best illustrate?
An experienced musician can often recognize a melody after hearing only a few notes. What type of processing does this best illustrate?
After working in a bakery all day, employees no longer notice the strong smell of bread. This form of decreased sensitivity is best explained by what phenomenon?
After working in a bakery all day, employees no longer notice the strong smell of bread. This form of decreased sensitivity is best explained by what phenomenon?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of sensation?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of sensation?
In the context of vision, what occurs during transduction?
In the context of vision, what occurs during transduction?
If a musician can detect a change in a musical note's pitch only when it is raised by a specific fraction, this relates most closely to:
If a musician can detect a change in a musical note's pitch only when it is raised by a specific fraction, this relates most closely to:
A chef adds salt to a dish until a customer says it tastes 'just noticeably' saltier. According to Weber's Law, what would need to happen if the chef doubles the original amount of salt used?
A chef adds salt to a dish until a customer says it tastes 'just noticeably' saltier. According to Weber's Law, what would need to happen if the chef doubles the original amount of salt used?
When encountering a foreign dish, using prior dining experiences to anticipate its flavor profile is an example of:
When encountering a foreign dish, using prior dining experiences to anticipate its flavor profile is an example of:
Which of the following correctly orders the structures through which light passes after entering the eye?
Which of the following correctly orders the structures through which light passes after entering the eye?
What is the primary role of the lens in visual perception?
What is the primary role of the lens in visual perception?
Why do rods primarily function in night vision?
Why do rods primarily function in night vision?
If someone with normal color vision cannot distinguish between red and green, which theory of color vision is challenged?
If someone with normal color vision cannot distinguish between red and green, which theory of color vision is challenged?
After staring at a green traffic light, you look away and briefly see a red afterimage. Which theory best explains this phenomenon?
After staring at a green traffic light, you look away and briefly see a red afterimage. Which theory best explains this phenomenon?
What would happen to one's hearing if the bones of the middle ear were damaged?
What would happen to one's hearing if the bones of the middle ear were damaged?
What is the primary function of the pores contained in the taste buds?
What is the primary function of the pores contained in the taste buds?
How does the detection of a stimulus in olfaction differ from that of gustation?
How does the detection of a stimulus in olfaction differ from that of gustation?
What sense informs us specifically of the position and motion of our body parts?
What sense informs us specifically of the position and motion of our body parts?
Why does food taste bland when you have a cold?
Why does food taste bland when you have a cold?
Which best describes embodied cognition?
Which best describes embodied cognition?
What is synesthesia?
What is synesthesia?
Experiencing the world through a lens of predispositions is best exhibited by:
Experiencing the world through a lens of predispositions is best exhibited by:
How does priming influence perceptual interpretations?
How does priming influence perceptual interpretations?
How does context affect perceptual set?
How does context affect perceptual set?
Why is selective attention important?
Why is selective attention important?
What does the 'cocktail party effect' demonstrate about attention?
What does the 'cocktail party effect' demonstrate about attention?
In what way does selective inattention influence our awareness?
In what way does selective inattention influence our awareness?
If a marketing company subtly flashes images of their product during a television show, aiming to influence viewers without them noticing, this strategy involves:
If a marketing company subtly flashes images of their product during a television show, aiming to influence viewers without them noticing, this strategy involves:
How does sensory adaptation impact our perception of an unchanging environment?
How does sensory adaptation impact our perception of an unchanging environment?
How did Gestalt psychologists understand perception?
How did Gestalt psychologists understand perception?
Seeing a vase or two faces in the same ambiguous image illustrates the Gestalt principle of:
Seeing a vase or two faces in the same ambiguous image illustrates the Gestalt principle of:
Dancers in a chorus line are perceived as a single group because of the Gestalt principle of:
Dancers in a chorus line are perceived as a single group because of the Gestalt principle of:
Why was a visual cliff used in Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk's experiments?
Why was a visual cliff used in Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk's experiments?
Which is not an example of a binocular cue?
Which is not an example of a binocular cue?
How does retinal disparity contribute to depth perception?
How does retinal disparity contribute to depth perception?
What depth cue is exemplified when parallel lines seem to converge in the distance, providing a sense of depth in a painting?
What depth cue is exemplified when parallel lines seem to converge in the distance, providing a sense of depth in a painting?
How do visual illusions demonstrate the relationship between sensation and perception?
How do visual illusions demonstrate the relationship between sensation and perception?
The Ames room alters our perception of size based on:
The Ames room alters our perception of size based on:
What is the main difference between sensation and perception?
What is the main difference between sensation and perception?
What is an example of transduction?
What is an example of transduction?
The just noticeable difference is:
The just noticeable difference is:
The point at which you can only just barely sense a stimulus:
The point at which you can only just barely sense a stimulus:
If you look at an image without giving any prior thought as to what is in it, this would best be classified as:
If you look at an image without giving any prior thought as to what is in it, this would best be classified as:
If someone tells you to look at an image of a rabbit before giving you the image, you would most likely use:
If someone tells you to look at an image of a rabbit before giving you the image, you would most likely use:
In the context of sensation and perception, what does the term 'absolute threshold' specifically refer to?
In the context of sensation and perception, what does the term 'absolute threshold' specifically refer to?
According to Weber's Law, which of the following scenarios demonstrates the principle that the just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the original stimulus?
According to Weber's Law, which of the following scenarios demonstrates the principle that the just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the original stimulus?
When an individual is presented with lines that gradually form a picture, they often recognize the object as the lines develop. This is an example of which processing?
When an individual is presented with lines that gradually form a picture, they often recognize the object as the lines develop. This is an example of which processing?
Which structure of the eye is responsible for changing shape to focus on objects near and far, allowing for clear vision at varying distances?
Which structure of the eye is responsible for changing shape to focus on objects near and far, allowing for clear vision at varying distances?
Why do rods, rather than cones, primarily facilitate night vision?
Why do rods, rather than cones, primarily facilitate night vision?
A person with normal color vision stares at a blue square for an extended period. According to the opponent process theory, what color is most likely to be perceived in the afterimage when they look at a white surface?
A person with normal color vision stares at a blue square for an extended period. According to the opponent process theory, what color is most likely to be perceived in the afterimage when they look at a white surface?
In auditory processing, what is the role of the cochlea?
In auditory processing, what is the role of the cochlea?
How does the experience of flavor result from sensory interaction?
How does the experience of flavor result from sensory interaction?
How might priming influence our perception of information during a debate?
How might priming influence our perception of information during a debate?
How can context be a determinant of perceptual set?
How can context be a determinant of perceptual set?
What is the key adaptive advantage of selective attention?
What is the key adaptive advantage of selective attention?
How does the concept of selective inattention explain why drivers using cell phones are at a higher risk of accidents?
How does the concept of selective inattention explain why drivers using cell phones are at a higher risk of accidents?
What is the primary effect of subliminal stimuli on behavior?
What is the primary effect of subliminal stimuli on behavior?
Why is sensory adaptation considered an evolutionary advantage?
Why is sensory adaptation considered an evolutionary advantage?
What is the core tenet of Gestalt psychology about perception?
What is the core tenet of Gestalt psychology about perception?
How does figure-ground organization illustrate a key principle of perception?
How does figure-ground organization illustrate a key principle of perception?
Which Gestalt principle explains why we see a series of dots arranged in a line as a single line rather than a collection of separate dots?
Which Gestalt principle explains why we see a series of dots arranged in a line as a single line rather than a collection of separate dots?
What distinguishes binocular cues from monocular depth cues?
What distinguishes binocular cues from monocular depth cues?
How does linear perspective contribute to depth perception?
How does linear perspective contribute to depth perception?
How do visual illusions help us study perception?
How do visual illusions help us study perception?
Flashcards
Sensation
Sensation
The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
Perception
Perception
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
Transduction
Transduction
The conversion of one form of energy into another that our brain can interpret.
Absolute threshold
Absolute threshold
Signup and view all the flashcards
Difference threshold
Difference threshold
Signup and view all the flashcards
Weber's Law
Weber's Law
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bottom-up processing
Bottom-up processing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Top-down processing
Top-down processing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cornea
Cornea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pupil
Pupil
Signup and view all the flashcards
Iris
Iris
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lens
Lens
Signup and view all the flashcards
Retina
Retina
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rods
Rods
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cones
Cones
Signup and view all the flashcards
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hering opponent-process theory
Hering opponent-process theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Audition
Audition
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chemical Senses
Chemical Senses
Signup and view all the flashcards
Basic Tastes
Basic Tastes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kinesthetic sense
Kinesthetic sense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vestibular sense
Vestibular sense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sensory Interaction
Sensory Interaction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Embodied cognition
Embodied cognition
Signup and view all the flashcards
Synesthesia
Synesthesia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Perceptual set
Perceptual set
Signup and view all the flashcards
Priming
Priming
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sensory adaptation
Sensory adaptation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Selective attention
Selective attention
Signup and view all the flashcards
cocktail party effect
cocktail party effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Selective inattention
Selective inattention
Signup and view all the flashcards
gestalt
gestalt
Signup and view all the flashcards
Figure-ground
Figure-ground
Signup and view all the flashcards
Proximity
Proximity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Continuity
Continuity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Closure
Closure
Signup and view all the flashcards
Depth perception
Depth perception
Signup and view all the flashcards
Binocular cues
Binocular cues
Signup and view all the flashcards
Linear perspective
Linear perspective
Signup and view all the flashcards
Visual illusions
Visual illusions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
- Sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from the environment.
- Perception involves organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling the recognition of meaningful objects and events.
Sensation Described
- Sensory organs, such as the nose and eyes, gather information like smells, colors, and sights.
Perception Described
- The brain interprets sensory input leading to recognition, such as identifying a smell as granddad's rhubarb pie or recognizing a person.
Transduction Steps
-
Step One: Receive
-
Step Two: Transform
-
Step Three: Deliver
-
Transduction is the conversion of one form of energy, such as light waves, into another form, like neural impulses the brain can interpret.
-
When reading, light waves converts the light waves into signals that the brain can interpret
Threshold
- Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.
- Difference threshold is the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
- The just noticeable difference (JND) is another term for the difference threshold.
Weber's Law
- To perceive a difference between two degrees of stimulation, the stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage.
- Two lights must differ in intensity by 8% to notice a change.
- Two objects must differ in weight by 2% to notice a change.
- Two tones must differ in frequency by 0.3% to notice a change.
- Weber's Law is what states two stimuli must differ by a minimum percentage to be perceived as different.
Stimuli Processing
- Bottom-up processing starts with sensory input, which the brain then attempts to understand and make sense.
- Top-down processing occurs when experience and higher-level processes guide perception, leading to seeing what is expected
- Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing example is if you initially have no title or hint when viewing an image you use Bottom-Up Processing, for one labeled Quack Quack you'll do Top-Down Processing.
Eye Structures and Function
- Cornea: Clear, protective outer layer of the eye through which light first enters.
- Pupil: Small adjustable opening in the center of the eye that light passes through.
- Iris: Ring of muscle tissue forming the colored portion of the eye around the pupil, controlling the pupil's size.
- Lens: Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina, which becomes accommodation
- Accommodation: The process of the lens changing curvature and thickness to focus.
- Retina: Light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones.
Rods and Cones
- Rods detect black, white, and gray and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral vision
- Cones detect fine detail and color sensations and function in daylight or well-lit conditions.
Color Vision Theories
- The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory states the retina contains three types of color receptors (cones) most sensitive to red, green, and blue that, when stimulated in combination, produce the perception of any color.
- The Hering opponent-process theory states cone photoreceptors are paired together including (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) to enable color vision, where activation of one color inhibits the other.
Audition Definition
- Audition: The sense or act of hearing
Chemical Senses
- Taste (gustation) occurs through 200+ taste buds on the top and sides of the tongue, each containing a pore that catches food chemicals.
- Smell (olfaction) occurs when air-carried molecules of a substance reach a cluster of receptor cells at the top of each nasal cavity.
Basic Tastes
-
Sweet indicates energy source
-
Salty indicates a source of sodium essential to physiological processes
-
Sour indicates potential toxic acid
-
Bitter indicates potential poisons
-
Umami indicates proteins to grow and repair tissue
-
People expressed harsher judgments and of immoral for foul smelling acts
-
People exposed to a fishy smell became more suspicious
-
There was less trash when riding on a train car with the citrus scent of a cleaning product
Body Position and Movement
- Kinesthetic sense involves position and motion detectors in muscles, tendons, and joints.
- Vestibular sense relies on fluid-filled semicircular canals and vestibular sacs in the ears to monitor head and body movement.
Sensory Interaction
- Senses can influence each other.
- Combining smell and taste together creates flavor.
- You cannot detect various taste when you close your nose
- Visual images are better when accompanied by noise
- Hearing soft sounds are better when accompanied with a visual cue
- FaceTime, makes those words easier to understand for hard-of-hearing listeners through visual
- Taste is impacted by smell
Embodied Cognition
- Embodied cognition is the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.
- People holding a warm drink behaved more generously
- People judged the room to be colder if given the cold shoulder by other people
- Sitting at a wobbly desk makes relationships seem less stable
Synesthesia
- Synesthesia: Brain circuits for two or more senses become joined, so stimulation of one sense triggers the experience of another.
- Synesthetes hear music as colors or experience numbers as tastes.
Perceptual Set Influences
-
Perceptual set is a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
-
Priming influences perceptual set, with initial viewing of an image impacting later perception; subjects can be more likely to see the an old woman
-
Expectation influences perceptual set
-
The number "13" may be perceived when numbers are put in order and "B" when reading ABC
-
Context influences perceptual set; it is easier to see the middle script differently when reading from top to bottom
-
Cultural context impacts perceptual set;
-
Rural East Africans view things differently than North Americans and Europeans, such as seeing a woman in a box-like home as opposed to a tree
-
Motivation and emotion influenced perceptual set; desirable objects seem close and emotional music can predicate sad meaning
Perceptual Set Explained
- A lens used to perceive the world
- learned through schema through organizing and interpretting ambiguous stimuli in certain ways
- Motivation, physical, and emotional context create expectations and color the interpretation of behaviors and events.
Key Facts
- Selective attention highlights that you are at crowded party, friend nearby, you hear your name
- Selective attention can lead to accidents; fMRI scans show as 37% decrease in brain activity vital to driving, cell phone use
- Cell phones are bad, just pay attention to the road
- Using a cell phone increases accidents to 4 times higher than normal- equal t drunk diring
Selective Inattention
- Selective inattention is missing salient stimuli, which includes at the level of conscious awareness
- An example of selective inattention are basketball players passing with a number of viewers not seeing
Visual Effects
- Change blindness is failing to notice noticeable changes.
- Subliminal stimuli are not detectable 50% of the time and are weak
- Priming is the unconscious awareness of associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.
- Sensory adaptation is diminished sensitivity to stimuli as a consequence of constant stimulation.
Gestalt Principles
-
Gestalts are how people organize sensations into a "form" or "whole
-
In perception, the whole may exceed the sum of its parts. "
-
Perceptions will filter incoming information, constructing perception, which creates mind matters
Gesalt Elements
- The Necker cube is eight blue circles, each containing three converging white lines, but when viewing these elements all together, the viewer sees a cube that sometimes reverses direction.
- The only visual stimuli are the blue wedges, the circles lines, and the cue are on the mind and not the page
- Figure-ground which represents organizing everything in a form "ground"
Principles of Grouping and Depth Perception
-
Our mind brings form and order by "grouping"
-
Rules apply at young age,
-
Water differs Hydrogen and Oxygen
-
Depth perception is ability to see objects with three dimensions, even though retina is two dimension; allows is to judge distance
-
Elanore Gibson and Richard Walk created the "drop off" visual cliff experiment
-
Binocular vision causes depth
-
Depth is judged through retinal disparity and convergence
-
Shadow creates Linear perspective
-
Constancy in relation with size creates depth
Linear Perspective Explained
- Parallel lines appear to meet in the distance
- The sharper the angle of Convergence, the greater the perceived distance
Visual Illusions
-
Can occur when perception leads you to incorrectly interprete inputs
-
Preceptual constancies create trickery of the eye.
-
Ames room can alter persceptions
-
Ames room is distorted but is actual size to create illusions
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
An overview of Sensation and Perception. Sensation is how our sensory receptors receive stimulus energies. Perception is how we organize and interpret this sensory information, enabling recognition of objects and events.
