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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of the energy levels of electrons in the atomic structure of an isolated atom?
What is a characteristic of the energy levels of electrons in the atomic structure of an isolated atom?
- They exist only at specific discrete levels (correct)
- They are dependent on the surrounding environment
- They are influenced by the atomic nucleus
- They can have any value
What can be inferred from the quantization of energy levels in an isolated atom?
What can be inferred from the quantization of energy levels in an isolated atom?
- Electrons can occupy any energy level
- Energy is continuously distributed
- The atom is in a high-energy state
- Only specific energy levels are allowed (correct)
What is a consequence of the discrete energy levels in an isolated atom?
What is a consequence of the discrete energy levels in an isolated atom?
- Electrons can jump to any energy level
- The atom is in a stable state
- Energy is transferred continuously
- Electrons occupy specific energy levels (correct)
What is a characteristic of the atomic structure of an isolated atom?
What is a characteristic of the atomic structure of an isolated atom?
What is true about the energy levels of electrons in an isolated atom?
What is true about the energy levels of electrons in an isolated atom?
What type of impurity elements are used to create an n-type material?
What type of impurity elements are used to create an n-type material?
Which of the following elements is NOT used to create an n-type material?
Which of the following elements is NOT used to create an n-type material?
What is the effect of introducing pentavalent impurities in a silicon base?
What is the effect of introducing pentavalent impurities in a silicon base?
According to Fig. 1.7, what is the base material used for creating an n-type material?
According to Fig. 1.7, what is the base material used for creating an n-type material?
What is the number of valence electrons in pentavalent impurities?
What is the number of valence electrons in pentavalent impurities?
Which of the following semiconductor materials has the highest bandgap energy?
Which of the following semiconductor materials has the highest bandgap energy?
Which semiconductor material has the highest electron mobility?
Which semiconductor material has the highest electron mobility?
Which of the following semiconductor materials has the lowest thermal conductivity?
Which of the following semiconductor materials has the lowest thermal conductivity?
Which semiconductor material is most commonly used in high-power, high-frequency devices?
Which semiconductor material is most commonly used in high-power, high-frequency devices?
Which of the following semiconductor materials has the highest hole mobility?
Which of the following semiconductor materials has the highest hole mobility?
What is the characteristic of single-crystal semiconductors?
What is the characteristic of single-crystal semiconductors?
What is the common characteristic of gallium arsenide (GaAs), cadmium sulfide (CdS), and gallium nitride (GaN)?
What is the common characteristic of gallium arsenide (GaAs), cadmium sulfide (CdS), and gallium nitride (GaN)?
What is the type of bonding that occurs in semiconductor materials?
What is the type of bonding that occurs in semiconductor materials?
What is the fundamental component of an atom that has a positive charge?
What is the fundamental component of an atom that has a positive charge?
What is the term for materials that are free from impurities?
What is the term for materials that are free from impurities?
What is the minimum voltage required for the diode to turn on?
What is the minimum voltage required for the diode to turn on?
What is the state of the diode when vi is less than 0.7 V?
What is the state of the diode when vi is less than 0.7 V?
What is the output voltage when the diode is in an open-circuit state?
What is the output voltage when the diode is in an open-circuit state?
What happens to the diode when the input voltage is increased beyond 0.7 V?
What happens to the diode when the input voltage is increased beyond 0.7 V?
What is the purpose of the 0.7 V threshold voltage in a diode?
What is the purpose of the 0.7 V threshold voltage in a diode?
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Study Notes
Semiconductor Materials
- Single-crystal semiconductors have a repetitive crystal structure, examples include germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si).
- Compound semiconductors are constructed of two or more semiconductor materials of different atomic structures, examples include gallium arsenide (GaAs), cadmium sulfide (CdS), gallium nitride (GaN), and gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP).
Atomic Structure
- The fundamental components of an atom are the electron, proton, and neutron.
- Electrons in an isolated atom can only exist at specific energy levels.
Doping and Semiconductor Materials
- n-Type material is created by introducing impurity elements with five valence electrons (pentavalent), such as antimony, arsenic, and phosphorus.
- The effect of these impurity elements is to introduce excess electrons, increasing the material's conductivity.
Diode Characteristics
- A diode requires a minimum applied signal of 0.7 V to turn "on" and allow current to flow.
- If the applied signal is less than 0.7 V, the diode remains in an open-circuit state and the output voltage is 0 V.
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