Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the best levigating agent to incorporate a water soluble powder into an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion base?
Which of the following is the best levigating agent to incorporate a water soluble powder into an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion base?
A pharmacist wants to incorporate a water-soluble drug into a water-removable base. Which of the following levigating agents would be most appropriate?
A pharmacist wants to incorporate a water-soluble drug into a water-removable base. Which of the following levigating agents would be most appropriate?
What is the primary purpose of a stiffener in an ointment base?
What is the primary purpose of a stiffener in an ointment base?
Which of the following is considered a humectant?
Which of the following is considered a humectant?
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A pharmacist wants to increase the absorption rate of a drug through the skin. What type of excipient might they add to the formulation?
A pharmacist wants to increase the absorption rate of a drug through the skin. What type of excipient might they add to the formulation?
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Why is it difficult to incorporate oil-soluble ingredients into an O/W emulsion base?
Why is it difficult to incorporate oil-soluble ingredients into an O/W emulsion base?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good levigating agent?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good levigating agent?
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What is a key characteristic of hydrocarbon bases when applied to the skin?
What is a key characteristic of hydrocarbon bases when applied to the skin?
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Which of the following is an example of an absorption base that can incorporate aqueous solutions?
Which of the following is an example of an absorption base that can incorporate aqueous solutions?
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How much water can typically be incorporated into absorption bases like lanolin?
How much water can typically be incorporated into absorption bases like lanolin?
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What primary ingredient makes up yellow ointment?
What primary ingredient makes up yellow ointment?
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What is a noted difficulty when working with hydrocarbon bases?
What is a noted difficulty when working with hydrocarbon bases?
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What is a primary benefit of topical delivery of pharmaceuticals?
What is a primary benefit of topical delivery of pharmaceuticals?
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Which formulation is most suitable for dry, scaly skin?
Which formulation is most suitable for dry, scaly skin?
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of topical formulations?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of topical formulations?
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For which condition would an anti-pruritic topical medication be most appropriate?
For which condition would an anti-pruritic topical medication be most appropriate?
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What is a key feature of a lotion compared to an ointment?
What is a key feature of a lotion compared to an ointment?
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Which property should topical dermatological formulations ideally NOT have?
Which property should topical dermatological formulations ideally NOT have?
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What function do topical medications designed to provide hydration achieve?
What function do topical medications designed to provide hydration achieve?
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Which route of administration is NOT typically associated with topical application?
Which route of administration is NOT typically associated with topical application?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of semisolid dosage form?
Which of the following is NOT a type of semisolid dosage form?
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What is a characteristic of oleaginous bases used in ointments?
What is a characteristic of oleaginous bases used in ointments?
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Which method is NOT typically used for the preparation of ointments?
Which method is NOT typically used for the preparation of ointments?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the advantages of semisolid dosage forms?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the advantages of semisolid dosage forms?
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Which semisolid dosage form is most likely to provide a cooling sensation upon application?
Which semisolid dosage form is most likely to provide a cooling sensation upon application?
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Which of the following methods is used to mix the ingredients of ointments?
Which of the following methods is used to mix the ingredients of ointments?
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What is an example of a water-soluble ointment base?
What is an example of a water-soluble ointment base?
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Which type of semisolid dosage form is most suitable for delivering medication in a more viscous mixture?
Which type of semisolid dosage form is most suitable for delivering medication in a more viscous mixture?
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What role does sodium lauryl sulfate play in the formulation of water-removable bases?
What role does sodium lauryl sulfate play in the formulation of water-removable bases?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of water-soluble bases?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of water-soluble bases?
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In the formula for Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP, what is the total weight of oleaginous components?
In the formula for Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP, what is the total weight of oleaginous components?
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What is the likely form of PEG with an average molecular weight above 1000?
What is the likely form of PEG with an average molecular weight above 1000?
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Which of the following accurately describes the properties of oleaginous bases?
Which of the following accurately describes the properties of oleaginous bases?
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What does the term polypropylene glycol indicate in a water-removable base?
What does the term polypropylene glycol indicate in a water-removable base?
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Which of the following is an example of a water-soluble ointment base?
Which of the following is an example of a water-soluble ointment base?
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What is the purpose of a levigating agent when incorporating a drug into an oleaginous base?
What is the purpose of a levigating agent when incorporating a drug into an oleaginous base?
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What is the primary purpose of using stiffeners in ointment preparation?
What is the primary purpose of using stiffeners in ointment preparation?
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Which method involves using a mortar and pestle for uniform ingredient mixing?
Which method involves using a mortar and pestle for uniform ingredient mixing?
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What type of agent is typically used for bases where oils are the external phase during levigation?
What type of agent is typically used for bases where oils are the external phase during levigation?
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What does the process of fusion in ointment preparation involve?
What does the process of fusion in ointment preparation involve?
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Which of the following is NOT a manual method of ointment preparation?
Which of the following is NOT a manual method of ointment preparation?
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What is the role of a levigating agent in the incorporation process?
What is the role of a levigating agent in the incorporation process?
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Which of these statements regarding heat-labile substances during fusion is true?
Which of these statements regarding heat-labile substances during fusion is true?
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What is a common characteristic of the mechanical methods of preparation in ointment formulation?
What is a common characteristic of the mechanical methods of preparation in ointment formulation?
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Study Notes
Semi-solid Dosage Forms
- Semi-solid dosage forms include ointments, pastes, creams, gels, plasters, and glycerogelatins.
- They are topically applied through the skin and are used for external applications.
- Ophthalmic ointments/gels are also available, and other routes include rectal, vaginal, and nasal administration.
Learning Objectives
- Enlist types of semi-solid dosage form and routes of administration.
- Enlist therapeutic uses of semi-solid dosage form.
- Explain dermatological preparation, discussing functions of topically applied semi-solids and providing three examples.
- Enlist six advantages and two disadvantages of semi-solid dosage forms.
- Discuss properties of semi-solid dosage forms.
- Understand ointment use, including both medicated and unmedicated ointments.
- Classify ointment bases, providing examples of four types (oleaginous, absorption, water-removable/emulsion, and water-soluble/water-miscible).
- Discuss drug incorporation in four types of ointment bases.
- Describe excipients used in semi-solid preparations.
- Describe two methods of ointment preparation and two techniques for mixing ingredients.
- Compare and contrast ophthalmic and topical ointment bases.
- Explain quality control, storage, packaging, labeling, and beyond-use dates (BUD) for ointments.
- Differentiate between ointments, pastes, creams, and gels.
- Compare four types of ointment bases.
- Discuss various terms associated with semi-solid dosage forms.
Properties of Semi-solid Dosage Forms
- Smooth texture, elegant appearance
- Non-dehydrating, non-greasy, non-staining.
- Non-gritty and non-irritating.
- Do not alter membrane/skin functioning.
- Miscible with skin secretion.
Ointments
- Intended for external application to skin or mucous membranes.
- Unmedicated ointments function as protectants, emollients, or lubricants. (Examples: cold cream, lip balm).
- Ointment bases serve as vehicles for medicated ointments used topically (e.g., for antipruritic, keratolytic, and astringent effects).
Ointment Bases
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Four types based on physical composition: oleaginous, absorption, water-removable/emulsion, and water-soluble/water-miscible.
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Oleaginous bases: hydrocarbon bases, used as emollients, occlusive dressings. Examples: White petrolatum, Yellow ointment
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Absorption bases: water-in-oil emulsions (can incorporate up to 50% water). Examples: hydrophilic petrolatum, Aquaphor.
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Water-removable/washable bases: oil-in-water emulsions (easily washed from skin). Example: Hydrophilic Ointment, USP.
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Water-soluble bases: do not contain oleaginous components. Example: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) ointment.
Creams
- Contain one or more medicinal agents in a W/O or O/W emulsion or water-washable base.
- Opaque, soft solids, or thick liquids for external application.
- Vanishing creams are oil-in-water emulsions with high water percentages.
Gels
- Semisolid systems of dispersions of inorganic particles in an aqueous liquid vehicle, rendered jellylike by a gelling agent.
- Gelling agents include synthetic macromolecules (e.g., carbomer 934, cellulose derivatives), and natural gums (e.g., tragacanth).
- Contains solvents (e.g., alcohol, propylene glycol).
- Contains preservatives (e.g., parabens) and stabilizers (e.g., edetate disodium).
Pastes
- Thick and stiff, do not flow at body temperature; larger proportion of solid material.
- Intended for application to the skin and absorb serous secretions.
- Example: Zinc oxide paste (Lassar's plain zinc paste).
Plasters
- Solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread on a backing (e.g., paper, fabric, moleskin, plastic).
- Applied to the skin for prolonged contact, protection, or mechanical support.
- Example: Salicylic acid plaster for removing corns.
Glycerogelatins
- Plastic masses containing gelatin, glycerin, water, and an added medicinal substance (e.g., zinc oxide).
- Melted before application, cooled slightly, and applied to the affected area.
- Example: Zinc gelatin boot used for varicose ulcers.
Practice Questions
- Multiple practice questions pertain to semi-solid preparations, their properties, advantages, disadvantages, components, manufacturing methods, uses, and various aspects related to quality control and storage.
Incorporation of Drugs
- Methods for incorporating various types of drugs into semi-solid bases.
- Levigating.
- Fusion.
Lab Scale and Large-Scale Equipment
- Methods for manufacturing semi-solid dosage forms.
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Description
This quiz covers the various types of semi-solid dosage forms including ointments, creams, and gels, along with their routes of administration. It also explores their therapeutic uses, advantages, disadvantages, and properties. Additionally, the quiz includes information on ointment bases and drug incorporation methods.
