Semantics Hyponymy and Meronymy

A type of word relationship where one word's meaning is included within the meaning of another word. For example, 'dog' is a hyponym of 'pet' because all dogs are pets, but not all pets are dogs.

The relationship between two words where one word's meaning is included within the meaning of another word. For example, 'car seat' is a hyponym of 'seat' because it is a specific type of seat.

The idea that sense relations like hyponymy are not fixed, but depend on the context in which words are used. For example, 'dog' is a hyponym of 'pet' in most contexts, but it might not be if we're talking about animals in a zoo.

The concept that hyponymy is not limited to just nouns, but can apply to other parts of speech like verbs and adjectives. For example, 'punch' is a hyponym of 'hit' because punching is a specific type of hitting. The same concept applies to adjectives like 'marron' being a hyponym of 'red' because marron is a specific type of red.

Sense relations between words in the same discourse (conversation) are important because they contribute to the coherence of the text and allow for logical inferences.

While words can be construed in different ways depending on the context, there are limits to how flexible this construal can be. For example, 'car seat' is a type of 'seat' but not necessarily a type of 'furniture'.

Sense relations occur between contextual construals of lexical items (words) and not the words themselves. The same word can have different meanings in different contexts, and these different meanings are what are related through hyponymy.

Sense relations play a crucial role in our understanding of language, helping us to interpret and connect the meanings of words and phrases in various contexts.

A hierarchical relationship between words where a more specific term (hyponym) is included within a broader category (hypernym). It's used to organize a domain efficiently.

The relationship between two individual entities where one is a part of the other. This applies to physical objects.

A type of part-whole relation where one region is contained within another region. For example, a portion of cake is part of the whole cake.

Distinct parts of an object that have a defined function or purpose; they are not merely pieces.

Pieces of something that are not necessarily parts with a defined function. They can be fragments or bits.

A measure of how good an example a part is of the whole category. Factors like function and autonomy influence this.

A quality of parts that allows them to stand on their own as distinct entities, not just as fragments.

A part is a smaller unit that constitutes or is contained within a larger unit, the whole.

The boundary of X doesn't extend beyond the boundary of Y; X fully shares its substance with Y; the boundaries of X can be clearly shown within Y; the clearer the difference between X and what isn't X, the better the part; the more cohesive X is internally, the better the part; X has a specific function in relation to Y; exact copies of X also count as parts; X and Y are of the same type.

Parts within a whole can have a hierarchical relationship, where one part is contained within another, forming a chain.

A part-whole chain typically has a smallest part and a largest whole. For example, the fingertips are the smallest part of the body, and the body is the largest whole.

A core part is the smallest possible portion of a whole that can still be considered as that whole. For example, the heart is the core part of the body.

Integral parts are essential parts of a whole and cannot be separated without destroying the whole. Attachments are parts that can be separated without destroying the whole.

Meronymy is a relation between meanings in a specific context. For example, 'finger' is a meronym of 'hand' in certain contexts.

Meronymy concerns only intrinsic construals of partness, where parts are inherently connected to the whole. Extrinsic construals, on the other hand, are context-dependent and may not always be considered true meronymy.