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Questions and Answers
What is defined as a deeper semantic phenomenon that relies on logical relationships between ideas and broader communication context?
What is defined as a deeper semantic phenomenon that relies on logical relationships between ideas and broader communication context?
In the provided conversation example, what indicates a failure in cohesive ties?
In the provided conversation example, what indicates a failure in cohesive ties?
What behavior in conversation is typically perceived as rudeness?
What behavior in conversation is typically perceived as rudeness?
What typically occurs when one speaker indicates they have finished speaking?
What typically occurs when one speaker indicates they have finished speaking?
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What is a characteristic of effective English conversation involving multiple speakers?
What is a characteristic of effective English conversation involving multiple speakers?
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What term refers to the invention of totally new terms?
What term refers to the invention of totally new terms?
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What term is used to describe the entity that performs an action in a sentence?
What term is used to describe the entity that performs an action in a sentence?
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Which of the following is an example of an eponym?
Which of the following is an example of an eponym?
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In the sentence 'The boy has kicked the ball', what semantic role does 'the ball' fulfill?
In the sentence 'The boy has kicked the ball', what semantic role does 'the ball' fulfill?
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What process involves a direct translation of the elements of a word into another language?
What process involves a direct translation of the elements of a word into another language?
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Which of the following semantic roles indicates where an entity is moving to?
Which of the following semantic roles indicates where an entity is moving to?
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Which word formation process combines the beginning of one word with the end of another?
Which word formation process combines the beginning of one word with the end of another?
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What semantic role does a noun phrase fill when it designates an entity that has a feeling or state?
What semantic role does a noun phrase fill when it designates an entity that has a feeling or state?
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What is the term for taking over words from other languages?
What is the term for taking over words from other languages?
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Which of the following describes the relationship where two or more words have very closely related meanings?
Which of the following describes the relationship where two or more words have very closely related meanings?
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Which word formation process is characterized by joining two separate words into a single form?
Which word formation process is characterized by joining two separate words into a single form?
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What is the term for the musical instrument used by an agent to perform an action?
What is the term for the musical instrument used by an agent to perform an action?
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Which word is a salient example of coinage in contemporary language?
Which word is a salient example of coinage in contemporary language?
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In semantic roles, what does the source refer to?
In semantic roles, what does the source refer to?
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Which of the following processes rarely occurs in French and Spanish languages?
Which of the following processes rarely occurs in French and Spanish languages?
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Which of the following is not typically considered a basic semantic role according to the description of language?
Which of the following is not typically considered a basic semantic role according to the description of language?
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What language did the Vikings primarily contribute to English?
What language did the Vikings primarily contribute to English?
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Which historical period is marked by the influence of Norman French on English?
Which historical period is marked by the influence of Norman French on English?
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What significant phonetic shift occurred in English between 1400 and 1600?
What significant phonetic shift occurred in English between 1400 and 1600?
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What term describes the loss of sounds from the pronunciation of certain words?
What term describes the loss of sounds from the pronunciation of certain words?
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In sound change, what does metathesis refer to?
In sound change, what does metathesis refer to?
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What does the term epenthesis mean in the context of sound change?
What does the term epenthesis mean in the context of sound change?
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Which of the following words exemplifies sound loss due to historical change in English?
Which of the following words exemplifies sound loss due to historical change in English?
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What type of sound change is not found in English, but is notable?
What type of sound change is not found in English, but is notable?
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What is a corpus in the context of corpus linguistics?
What is a corpus in the context of corpus linguistics?
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How does co-text influence word meaning?
How does co-text influence word meaning?
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What term describes the kind of context that is about physical location?
What term describes the kind of context that is about physical location?
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Which of the following words is an example of a deictic word?
Which of the following words is an example of a deictic word?
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What is the primary focus of pragmatics as a field of study?
What is the primary focus of pragmatics as a field of study?
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What role does deixis play in communication?
What role does deixis play in communication?
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What can be inferred about words like 'here' and 'there' without context?
What can be inferred about words like 'here' and 'there' without context?
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Which type of deixis is concerned with referring to a specific time?
Which type of deixis is concerned with referring to a specific time?
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What term describes the variety of language that evolves after a creole has come into existence?
What term describes the variety of language that evolves after a creole has come into existence?
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What is primarily used to define groups of speakers in the study of social dialects?
What is primarily used to define groups of speakers in the study of social dialects?
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Which term refers to a dialect that is representative of a particular social group?
Which term refers to a dialect that is representative of a particular social group?
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What type of linguistic features does sociolinguistics primarily investigate?
What type of linguistic features does sociolinguistics primarily investigate?
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A speech community is defined as a group of people who share what?
A speech community is defined as a group of people who share what?
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Which of the following are considered social variables in language use?
Which of the following are considered social variables in language use?
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How does the education level of individuals typically affect their language use?
How does the education level of individuals typically affect their language use?
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What is a key social marker for distinguishing between upper and lower classes in English speech?
What is a key social marker for distinguishing between upper and lower classes in English speech?
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Study Notes
Chapter One - Origins of Language
- Early humans likely developed musical ability before language, using it to "charm each other"
- The origins of language are unknown, but vocal ability and patterning are ancient features shared with vertebrates
- Language developed between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago
Theories of Language Origins
- Divine Source: - Language was a gift from God - The Tower of Babel story describes God confusing languages
- Natural Sound Source: - Early words imitated natural sounds (onomatopoeia) - The "pooh-pooh" hypothesis suggests emotional cries were the basis for language.
- Musical Source: - Melody develops in the human brain before language - Early humans may have used music to express themselves before language
- Social Interaction Source: - The "yo-he-ho" theory suggests that language developed from the need to coordinate physical effort in social contexts
- Physical Adaptation Source: - Physical adaptations in humans (posture, voice box, etc.) made speech possible
Chapter Five - Word Formation
- Etymology is the study of word origins
- Coinage: The invention of new terms, often trade names (e.g., google)
- Eponyms: Words based on the names of people or places
- Blending: Creating a new word by combining parts of two other words (e.g., gasohol)
- Clipping: Shortening a word to a shorter form (e.g., gas from gasoline)
- Backformation: Creating a new word by removing a morpheme from an existing word (e.g., televise from television)
- Conversion: Changing a word's function (e.g., noun to verb)
- Acronyms: Words formed from the initial letters of a set of words (e.g., CD, VCR)
Chapter Six - Morphology
- Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words
- Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language
- Free morphemes can stand alone (e.g., cat, large, run)
- Bound morphemes need to be attached to other morphemes (e.g., -s, -er, pre-) - Derivational morphemes create new words or change a word's grammatical category (e.g., -ness, -ment) - Inflectional morphemes indicate grammatical features like tense or plurality (e.g., -ed, -s)
Chapter Nine - Semantics
- Semantics is the study of meaning in language
- Conceptual meaning: The literal meaning of a word
- Associative meaning: The emotional or cultural associations a word evokes
Chapter Ten - Pragmatics
- Pragmatics is the study of “invisible” meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it isn't actually said or written
- The co-text: The surrounding words in a phrase or sentence
- Physical context: The physical location affects our interpretation of words
- Deixis: Words used to refer to people, places, or times (e.g., here, there, now)
Chapter Eleven - Discourse Analysis
- Discourse is language beyond the sentence
- Cohesion: The way linguistic elements connect parts of a text or discourse to create unity
- Coherence: A semantic phenomenon related to the logical connections between ideas and the broader context
Chapter Thirteen - Language and Social Variation
- Standard language: Idealized variety associated with administration and education
- Dialect: Variety of language associated with a particular region or social group
- Isogloss: A geographical boundary marking areas where particular linguistic features are used
- Sociolects: Social dialects based on social class and other social factors
- Slang: Informal words particular to a social group
- Vernacular language: Every day use of a language
Chapter Seventeen - Language History
- Language families: Groups of languages with a common ancestor (e.g., Indo-European)
- Cognates :Words in different languages that share a common ancestor
- Proto-language: The hypothetical ancestor of a language family.
- External change: Influences from other languages
- Internal change : Change in the language structures, like sounds and how words change and develop over time
Chapter Eighteen - Language and Regional Variation
- Dialects: Variations in vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, or other aspects of language
- Dialectal continuum: The idea that variations in dialect are continuous rather than having sharp breaks
- Bilingualism: Speaking or understanding two distinct languages
- Diglossia: A language variety with two versions (one formal and one informal
- Pidgins: A simplified language used for communication between people who don't share a common language
- Creoles: A language that develops from a pidgin spoken as a mother tongue by a generation.
Chapter Nineteen - Language and Social Variation
- Speech community: Group of people who share language norms.
- Sociolinguistics: Study of relationship between language and society
- Social dialects (or sociolects): Varieties reflecting social class or status.
- Speech style: A way of speaking influenced by the social context
- Convergence, Divergence: Approaches in how speakers match their pronunciation, vocabulary and style to others
Chapter Twelve - Language and the Brain
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Neurolinguistics: Study of brain processes underlying language
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Localization view: Specific brain areas are associated with particular language functions
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Broca's area: Production of speech
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Wernicke's area: Understanding of speech
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Arcuate fasciculus: Connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas for fluent speech
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Aphasia: Language disorder due to brain damage
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Malapropism, Spoonerisms, Slips of the Tongue/Ear: Errors in language production/perception that reveal language components
Chapter 17 - Language History and Change
- Language Families : Groups of languages descending from a common ancestor
- Proto-language: Hypothetical language from which other languages evolve
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Description
Test your understanding of semantics and the principles of conversation analysis with this quiz. Explore concepts such as cohesive ties, semantic roles, and word formation processes. Perfect for students focusing on linguistics and communication.
