11 Questions
Which type of fear involves an impending danger that is light or somewhat remote?
Light Fear
In what scenario does Grave Fear occur?
When a classmate demands something with a gun pointed at your head
Why are bad actions done under light or grave fear considered culpable?
Because the consequences can affect the decision
What is the application of physical force upon a resisting person to compel him/her to do or not to do an act called?
Violence
Who is primarily judged in a violent situation according to the text?
The person who defends themselves
Which action is considered self-defense according to the text?
Running away from a threatening situation
What is the main purpose of self-defense according to the text?
To defend oneself without intending to kill the perpetrator
How does the text describe the morality of actions done under violence?
If you intend to kill the perpetrator while defending yourself, you are culpable, but your culpability can be lessened.
What does the text say about the relationship between habit and morality?
Bad habits are morally blameworthy, but the culpability is lessened if the person exerts effort to free themselves from the habit.
What is an example of a bad habit mentioned in the text?
Speaking bad words as a reaction to situations
What is the difference between good habits (virtues) and bad habits (vices)?
We only moralize bad habits, not good ones.
Study Notes
Fear
- Fear occurs when an individual is threatened by impending danger, limiting their ability to use will and reason.
- There are two types of fear:
- Light Fear: impending danger is minor or remote, e.g. a classmate threatening to slap you if you don't give in to their demand.
- Grave Fear: impending danger is serious and potentially life-threatening, e.g. a classmate demanding something with a gun pointed at your head.
- Morality of actions done under fear: both light and grave fear are culpable, as one can still choose their actions despite the presence of a threat.
Violence
- Violence is the application of physical force to compel someone to do or not do an act, e.g. self-defense.
- There are two parties involved: the attacker and the defender.
- The morality of actions done under violence is judged based on the reaction of the defender.
- Self-defense is a justified reaction to violence, but intentional killing of the perpetrator is culpable.
- If the defender kills the perpetrator unintentionally while defending themselves, they are not culpable.
Habit
- Habit is a firm and stable behavior pattern developed through repetition.
- An individual acts based on their repeated responses to situations, often unconsciously.
- Good habits are called virtues, while bad habits are vices.
- Examples of bad habits include speaking bad words as a reaction to situations or causing trouble in social gatherings.
- Morality of actions done under bad habit: bad actions done due to habit are culpable, but the culpability can be lessened if the person exerts effort to overcome the habit.
Test your knowledge on self-defense, intention vs. unintentional actions, and morality in dangerous situations. Explore scenarios where defending oneself might lead to unintended consequences, and the ethical implications of different actions.
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