Self-Awareness Levels in Early Life
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes Level 0 of self-awareness in early life?

  • Differentiation between self and others
  • Obliviousness to mirrors and reflections (correct)
  • Ability to engage in protoconversations
  • Understanding temporal dimensions of the self

    • At what age do infants typically begin to show signs of the 'situated self' according to the content?

  • 6 weeks (correct)
  • 2 months
  • 18 months
  • At birth

    • Which level of self-awareness first introduces the concept of the 'me' as an entity in its own right?

  • Level 3: Identification (correct)
  • Level 4: Permanence
  • Level 2: Situation
  • Level 1: Differentiation

    • What observation was made regarding 21- to 24-month-olds in the 'mirror test' study?

    <p>They touch their nose approximately 70% - 73% of the time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Level 4 of self-awareness highlight regarding an individual's understanding of themselves?

    <p>Recognition of past self in photos (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of Level 5: meta-awareness?

    <p>Basic sense of self in mirrors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which level do infants first begin to demonstrate differentiation between what they feel and what they see?

    <p>Level 1: Differentiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notable study conducted at 10 minutes old indicates early self-awareness?

    <p>Meltzoff &amp; Moore (1995) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of conventional norms indicates that a rule is applicable to all children in a specific context?

    <p>Agent-neutral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes moral norms from conventional norms according to Domain Theory?

    <p>Moral norms are serious and unchangeable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence contradicts the traditional view that children start as amoral agents?

    <p>Infants show early prosocial behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the classic view of child development, how are children perceived in terms of moral reasoning?

    <p>They are viewed as egocentric and eventually develop moral reasoning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect characterizes conventional norms in relation to specific environments?

    <p>They are context-specific and not universally applied. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common response of children to the threat of social exclusion?

    <p>They engage in affiliative behaviors such as imitation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does observing ostracism have on children's imitation behavior?

    <p>Children imitate more and do so more faithfully. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What illustrates children's sensitivity to social exclusion in their art?

    <p>Children drew themselves and their friend standing closer together after witnessing ostracism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do adults manage their reputation in social settings?

    <p>They adjust their behavior to present themselves positively to others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior is observed in children when they are in the presence of an audience?

    <p>They steal less and help more. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary social goal influences children's imitation of ingroup members?

    <p>To align with group norms and avoid exclusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of ostracism on children's drawings, according to studies?

    <p>Drawings become more complex and illustrate closer relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the academic community generally view the pressure to imitate group behavior in children?

    <p>As a natural response that can be detrimental to individuality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that may mediate the correlation between pretend play and children's performance in false-belief tasks?

    <p>Linguistic abilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically display better language skills if they are advanced in pretend play?

    <p>2 years old (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of development can pretend play positively influence?

    <p>Social and non-social aptitudes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which culture is there a noted lack of emphasis on play, with children often engaged in chores?

    <p>Mayan culture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the developmental trajectory of pretend play according to Lillard (2017)?

    <p>It is consistent across cultures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two natural tendencies do moral norms evolve from according to the content?

    <p>Natural tendency to help and to avoid harm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does pretend play serve for children according to the provided information?

    <p>Facilitates exploration of various hypotheses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are social norms described in the context of human behavior?

    <p>As forms of social reality prescribing behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary failure indicated when someone knows an action is wrong but proceeds anyway?

    <p>Failure of inhibition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group has been shown to display a sophisticated understanding of morality?

    <p>Young children aged 3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In social groups of chimpanzees, what behavior is typically observed regarding food distribution?

    <p>Dominant chimps eat first and most (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do young children demonstrate their understanding of norms?

    <p>By intervening in third-party norm violations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does theory of mind primarily focus on?

    <p>Mental states and understanding others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a true belief?

    <p>Correctly represents reality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is visual perspective taking concerned with?

    <p>Whether others can see what one sees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a second-order belief?

    <p>Jason believes that Maria thinks he is honest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically start to understand that someone can have a false belief about the world?

    <p>4 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected response from 3-year-olds when asked where Maxi will look for the chocolate after it has been moved?

    <p>The drawer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which task involves showing a child a box that looks like it contains candy but actually contains pencils?

    <p>Unexpected contents task (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured in infants to assess their implicit theory of mind?

    <p>Looking times (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of theory of mind, what does 'performance' refer to?

    <p>Demonstration of knowledge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do children attribute their understanding of others' mental states to, according to the conceptual change model?

    <p>Desire psychology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes explicit theory of mind?

    <p>Conscious tracking of other's mental states (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction between implicit theory of mind and explicit theory of mind?

    <p>Implicit theory involves tracking mental states unconsciously while explicit requires conscious awareness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Self-Awareness & Affiliation in Early Life

    • 5 Levels of Self-Awareness:
      • Level 0: Confusion (oblivious to mirrors, reflects, seeks companionship)
      • Level 1: Differentiation (differentiating body from others) - 10-minute-old babies exhibit tongue protrusion (Meltzoff & Moore, 1995), although some recent studies failed to replicate this. Babies distinguish between being touched on their cheek and on another baby's cheek (Rochat & Hespos, 1996).
      • Level 2: Situation (situated self). By 2 months, infants are aware of controlling objects.
      • Level 3: Identification (birth of "me") - around 18 months. Tasks developed to test self-recognition (mirror test). The mirror test reveals differentiation in when infants touch their nose (9-12 months old did not touch nose, 15-18 months a minority touched, and 21-24 months 70%-73%).
      • Level 4: Permanence (birth of 'me' over time) - before 4 years-old referring to themselves/images as "other"
      • Level 5: Meta-awareness (self-conscious) - around 4-5 years-old showing embarrassment related to image

    Level 1: Differentiation

    • Babies differentiate their body from others at birth.
    • 10-minute-old babies exhibit tongue protrusion (Meltzoff & Moore, 1995), although this finding has not been replicated by all studies.
    • 24-hour-old babies distinguish between touch to their own cheek and touch to another person's cheek.

    Level 3: Identification

    Infants (9-24 months old) participate in mirror tests to observe for differentiation in behaviour related to self-awareness. Infants (9-12 months) do not touch their nose in the mirror, but the rate of nose touch increases progressively through age 24 months.

    Level 4: Permanence/Meta-awareness

    • Self-awareness develops over time, with children referring to their own images (photos) from a past time as "me."
    • Children start relating to and understanding others as having different perspectives, thoughts, and feelings.

    Summary (Imitation & Affiliation)

    • Imitation is an important form of social learning
    • Children selectively imitate others.
    • Imitation is often related to the child understanding others’ goals and intentions.
    • Children's behaviour is in response (influenced) by social exclusion and ostracization (involving social behaviour modification and affiliative behaviour).
    • Children will be more affiliative or imitative following observation of ostracized actions.

    Play

    • Play is essential for development and has been recognised as a human right by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights.
    • Play is part of several preschool curricula.
    • Play is critical for children's development and there's significant evidence supporting this.
    • Key features of play: flexibility, different forms and lengths, positive affect.

    Morality

    • Social norms prescribe behaviours in certain contexts. These are based on the welfare of others (moral norms) and on social conventions (conventional norms).
    • Two broad categories in morality: moral (welfare of others) and conventional (social norms)
    • Children start showing sophisticated understanding of morality in the early years (2-3 years-old) as they observe, engage and modify their own behaviour with reference to the actions of others..

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    Lecture 7: Self-awareness & Affiliation PDF

    Description

    Explore the characteristics of Level 0 self-awareness in early development. This quiz examines the fundamental aspects of how infants exhibit awareness of themselves and their surroundings. Understand the implications of these early stages on later cognitive development.

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