Self-awareness and infant emotion perception
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Questions and Answers

When do most emotions emerge according to the text?

  • After the age of 10
  • Between ages 3-6
  • During adolescence
  • Within the first 3 years of life (correct)

    • What is a key indicator of self-knowledge in infants and toddlers?

  • Ability to verbally express emotions
  • Preference for certain types of toys
  • Recognition of their own reflection in the mirror (correct)
  • Increased crying behavior

    • According to Charles Darwin, when do self-conscious emotions typically emerge?

  • During adolescence
  • At birth
  • After the age of 10
  • Around 3 years old (correct)

    • What does Charles Darwin suggest is a measure of self-conscious emotions?

    <p>Blushing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does joy typically emerge in infants according to the text?

    <p>Around 6-8 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sighted and blind infants differ in terms of smiling behavior in the first 3 months of life?

    <p>There is no difference in smiling behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thought to be a set of facial and motor/body responses to overcome an obstacle?

    <p>Anger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does fearfulness peak, according to the text?

    <p>18 months old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability is required for infants to experience stranger anxiety/fear?

    <p>Comparison ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotion emerges during the 0-6 months stage in infants, according to the text?

    <p>Surprise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive abilities are mentioned as underlying early emotions in infants?

    <p>Perceptual abilities and short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the new emotions that emerge with consciousness in infants?

    <p>Empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically touch their own nose during the mirror-rouge task?

    <p>15-24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotion is related to embarrassment due to being seen or attended to by others?

    <p>Shame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do children need to absorb to experience self-conscious evaluative emotions?

    <p>A set of rules and goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attribution tends to be more common among boys in determining responsibility for an event?

    <p>Internal attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do depressed people tend to exhibit in terms of attributions?

    <p>Negative, global attributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when children attribute failure to the whole self rather than specific actions?

    <p>The child might move in space vs being hunched over as if trying to repair the action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of failures associated with less important standards?

    <p>Embarrassment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the hubris emotion in children?

    <p>It is specific in focus, attributing success only to one action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary emotions present in the first 6-8 months of life?

    <p>General distress, pleasure, and interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key indicator of self-awareness in infants and toddlers?

    <p>Recognizing themselves in the mirror</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotion did Charles Darwin suggest emerges around 3 years old and requires elaborate cognitions related to self-awareness?

    <p>Blushing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the first 3 months of life, how do sighted and blind infants differ in smiling behavior?

    <p>Sighted and blind infants show similar smiling behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does joy typically emerge in infants according to the text?

    <p>3-6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes pleasure and distress as described in the text?

    <p>They represent opposite ends of the same spectrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ability is required for infants to experience fearfulness at the approach of a stranger?

    <p>Comparative memory of faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotion can reflect insight, such as surprise at finding out the result of pulling a string?

    <p>Surprise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cognitive processes underlying early emotions in infants composed of?

    <p>Perceptual abilities and representative abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability do rats demonstrate when they show anger due to a blocked path to food?

    <p>Memory of the path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does self-consciousness emerge in infants, according to the text?

    <p>Before consciousness emerges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which primary emotion emerges during the 6-8 months stage in infants, according to the text?

    <p>Fearfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes shame from guilt?

    <p>Shame arises from specific attributions, while guilt arises from global attributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically begin displaying self-reflexive behavior?

    <p>15-24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes embarrassment from shame?

    <p>Embarrassment is less intense than shame and doesn't disrupt ongoing behavior, whereas shame involves a corrective action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of children prone to hubris?

    <p>They often feel the need to alter their standards of success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attribution style is typically seen more in boys when determining responsibility for an event?

    <p>Internal attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability is crucial for children to experience hubris?

    <p>Sense of self-evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do infants typically start demonstrating pretend play according to the text?

    <p>15-24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes self-conscious evaluative emotions in children from other emotions?

    <p>They involve absorbing a set of standards, rules, and goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-conscious evaluation differ from empathy?

    <p><code>Self-conscious evaluation requires understanding one's own emotions, while empathy involves understanding others' emotions.</code></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability is essential for self-reflexive behavior?

    <p>Sense of self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotion emerges in infants when they are prevented from moving their arms?

    <p>Anger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does sadness start to emerge in infants, particularly around withdrawal or loss of desired objects?

    <p>3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotion is associated with a defensive reaction in infants who spit out unpleasant tasting or smelling objects?

    <p>Disgust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which month do infants typically display anger when a learned movement is blocked?

    <p>4-6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the emotion of joy and happiness become related to infants around pleasant experiences or play?

    <p>2-3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive abilities are mentioned as crucial for infants to experience fearfulness at the approach of a stranger?

    <p>Comparison ability and internal representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive ability is likely possessed by many species in the animal kingdom, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Perceptual abilities and short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ability do infants need to demonstrate to reflect insight like surprise at the result of pulling a string?

    <p>Cause-and-effect understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive ability is essential for infants to show anger when a learned path to food is blocked?

    <p>Learning and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive process underlies early emotions in infants according to the text?

    <p>Perceptual abilities and representative abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotion typically emerges during the peak fearfulness stage at 18 months in infants?

    <p>Fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotion typically emerges during the first 6-8 months of an infant's life?

    <p>Joy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Charles Darwin's proposed measure of self-conscious emotions in children?

    <p>Blushing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive ability did Charles Darwin believe was necessary for the emergence of self-conscious emotions around 3 years old?

    <p>Self-awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes general distress from pleasure in terms of primary emotions in infants?

    <p>General distress and pleasure are two ends of the same spectrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotion, reflecting insight, can be triggered by finding out the result of pulling a string?

    <p>Surprise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does joy typically emerge in infants according to the text?

    <p>$6-8$ months old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that distinguishes self-reflexive behavior in children?

    <p>Using personal pronouns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotion requires a sense of self and can be observed after infants recognize themselves in mirrors?

    <p>Jealousy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes exposure embarrassment in children according to the text?

    <p>It requires evaluating one's behavior against a standard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children determine responsibility for events according to the text?

    <p>By deciding who is responsible for the outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of failures associated with less important standards?

    <p>Embarrassment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive process is crucial for children to experience hubris?

    <p>Absorbing a set of standards and rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing factor between pride and hubris according to the text?

    <p>Scope of attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is guilt considered less intense than shame according to psychologists?

    <p>'Specific attribution leads to corrective action.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Depressed people are likely to make stable, negative, global attributions.' What does 'global attributions' refer to in this context?

    <p>'Attributing failure across various aspects of life.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Hubris' is described as an exaggerated sense of pride. What makes it difficult to sustain?

    <p>'Its global attribution of success.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

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