69 Questions
When do most emotions emerge according to the text?
Within the first 3 years of life
What is a key indicator of self-knowledge in infants and toddlers?
Recognition of their own reflection in the mirror
According to Charles Darwin, when do self-conscious emotions typically emerge?
Around 3 years old
What does Charles Darwin suggest is a measure of self-conscious emotions?
Blushing
At what age does joy typically emerge in infants according to the text?
Around 6-8 months
How do sighted and blind infants differ in terms of smiling behavior in the first 3 months of life?
There is no difference in smiling behavior.
What is thought to be a set of facial and motor/body responses to overcome an obstacle?
Anger
At what age does fearfulness peak, according to the text?
18 months old
What cognitive ability is required for infants to experience stranger anxiety/fear?
Comparison ability
Which emotion emerges during the 0-6 months stage in infants, according to the text?
Surprise
What cognitive abilities are mentioned as underlying early emotions in infants?
Perceptual abilities and short-term memory
What is one of the new emotions that emerge with consciousness in infants?
Empathy
At what age do infants typically touch their own nose during the mirror-rouge task?
15-24 months
Which emotion is related to embarrassment due to being seen or attended to by others?
Shame
What do children need to absorb to experience self-conscious evaluative emotions?
A set of rules and goals
Which attribution tends to be more common among boys in determining responsibility for an event?
Internal attribution
What do depressed people tend to exhibit in terms of attributions?
Negative, global attributions
What happens when children attribute failure to the whole self rather than specific actions?
The child might move in space vs being hunched over as if trying to repair the action.
What is a possible consequence of failures associated with less important standards?
Embarrassment
What characterizes the hubris emotion in children?
It is specific in focus, attributing success only to one action.
What are the primary emotions present in the first 6-8 months of life?
General distress, pleasure, and interest
What is a key indicator of self-awareness in infants and toddlers?
Recognizing themselves in the mirror
Which emotion did Charles Darwin suggest emerges around 3 years old and requires elaborate cognitions related to self-awareness?
Blushing
During the first 3 months of life, how do sighted and blind infants differ in smiling behavior?
Sighted and blind infants show similar smiling behaviors.
At what age does joy typically emerge in infants according to the text?
3-6 months
What distinguishes pleasure and distress as described in the text?
They represent opposite ends of the same spectrum.
What ability is required for infants to experience fearfulness at the approach of a stranger?
Comparative memory of faces
Which emotion can reflect insight, such as surprise at finding out the result of pulling a string?
Surprise
What are the cognitive processes underlying early emotions in infants composed of?
Perceptual abilities and representative abilities
What cognitive ability do rats demonstrate when they show anger due to a blocked path to food?
Memory of the path
When does self-consciousness emerge in infants, according to the text?
Before consciousness emerges
Which primary emotion emerges during the 6-8 months stage in infants, according to the text?
Fearfulness
What distinguishes shame from guilt?
Shame arises from specific attributions, while guilt arises from global attributions.
At what age do children typically begin displaying self-reflexive behavior?
15-24 months
What distinguishes embarrassment from shame?
Embarrassment is less intense than shame and doesn't disrupt ongoing behavior, whereas shame involves a corrective action.
What is a common characteristic of children prone to hubris?
They often feel the need to alter their standards of success.
Which attribution style is typically seen more in boys when determining responsibility for an event?
Internal attribution
What cognitive ability is crucial for children to experience hubris?
Sense of self-evaluation
When do infants typically start demonstrating pretend play according to the text?
15-24 months
What distinguishes self-conscious evaluative emotions in children from other emotions?
They involve absorbing a set of standards, rules, and goals.
How does self-conscious evaluation differ from empathy?
Self-conscious evaluation requires understanding one's own emotions, while empathy involves understanding others' emotions.
What cognitive ability is essential for self-reflexive behavior?
Sense of self
What emotion emerges in infants when they are prevented from moving their arms?
Anger
At what age does sadness start to emerge in infants, particularly around withdrawal or loss of desired objects?
3 months
Which emotion is associated with a defensive reaction in infants who spit out unpleasant tasting or smelling objects?
Disgust
In which month do infants typically display anger when a learned movement is blocked?
4-6 months
When does the emotion of joy and happiness become related to infants around pleasant experiences or play?
2-3 months
What cognitive abilities are mentioned as crucial for infants to experience fearfulness at the approach of a stranger?
Comparison ability and internal representation
Which cognitive ability is likely possessed by many species in the animal kingdom, as mentioned in the text?
Perceptual abilities and short-term memory
What ability do infants need to demonstrate to reflect insight like surprise at the result of pulling a string?
Cause-and-effect understanding
Which cognitive ability is essential for infants to show anger when a learned path to food is blocked?
Learning and memory
What cognitive process underlies early emotions in infants according to the text?
Perceptual abilities and representative abilities
Which emotion typically emerges during the peak fearfulness stage at 18 months in infants?
Fear
Which emotion typically emerges during the first 6-8 months of an infant's life?
Joy
What was Charles Darwin's proposed measure of self-conscious emotions in children?
Blushing
Which cognitive ability did Charles Darwin believe was necessary for the emergence of self-conscious emotions around 3 years old?
Self-awareness
What distinguishes general distress from pleasure in terms of primary emotions in infants?
General distress and pleasure are two ends of the same spectrum.
Which emotion, reflecting insight, can be triggered by finding out the result of pulling a string?
Surprise
At what age does joy typically emerge in infants according to the text?
$6-8$ months old
What is a key factor that distinguishes self-reflexive behavior in children?
Using personal pronouns
Which emotion requires a sense of self and can be observed after infants recognize themselves in mirrors?
Jealousy
What characterizes exposure embarrassment in children according to the text?
It requires evaluating one's behavior against a standard.
How do children determine responsibility for events according to the text?
By deciding who is responsible for the outcomes
What is a common consequence of failures associated with less important standards?
Embarrassment
Which cognitive process is crucial for children to experience hubris?
Absorbing a set of standards and rules
What is a distinguishing factor between pride and hubris according to the text?
Scope of attribution
Why is guilt considered less intense than shame according to psychologists?
'Specific attribution leads to corrective action.'
'Depressed people are likely to make stable, negative, global attributions.' What does 'global attributions' refer to in this context?
'Attributing failure across various aspects of life.'
'Hubris' is described as an exaggerated sense of pride. What makes it difficult to sustain?
'Its global attribution of success.'
Explore the concept of self-awareness and infant emotion perception. Learn about the dissociation between emotional state and self-perception, and how self-reflexive behavior manifests in individuals. Understand how infants and adults perceive their internal states.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
