Selection and Iteration Statements in Programming

Error Types

• Compiler error: occurs when one brace in a block is left out of the program.
• Runtime error: has its effect at execution time, like when both braces in a block are left out of the program.

Logic Errors

• Fatal logic error: occurs when a program produces incorrect results, often due to incorrect logic or algorithm.

Conditional Operator

• Empty statement: represented in Java as a single semicolon (;).
• operator: can be used in place of an if…else statement.
• Conditional operator (?:): the operand to the left of the ? is a boolean expression.

Control Statements

• switch statement: selects among many different actions based on an expression.
• Iteration statements: used in programming to repeat a set of statements while a condition is true.
• while loop: keyword used to define a loop that will execute zero or more times.
• If the loop-continuation condition in a 'while' statement is initially false, the loop body will not execute.

Control Flow

• goto statement: connects the exit point of one to the entry point of the next.
• Activity diagram: can be used to represent each control statement visually.

Program Structure

• Bohm and Jacopini: demonstrated that programs and goto statements can be replaced with three structured programming constructs: sequence, selection, and iteration.
• Bohm and Jacopini asserted: that sequence, selection, and iteration are sufficient to write all programs.

Sequence Structure

• Key characteristic: executes statements in a predefined order.

Activity Diagrams

• Used in software systems modeling: to visualize the flow of control in a program.
• UML activity diagrams: commonly use symbols such as rectangles, diamonds, and arrows to represent different stages of control flow.