Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is the importance of selecting the right woody plants for landscaping?
Which of the following factors should be considered when placing landscape plants?
What is the benefit of using container plants in landscaping?
Which planting option is characterized by plants being grown in a field and then potted?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect of woody plants contributes to increasing a property’s economic value?
Signup and view all the answers
Why should landscape plantings be installed according to a plan?
Signup and view all the answers
When selecting plants for a landscape, which aspect is least relevant?
Signup and view all the answers
What planting method involves removing the plant from the soil without any attached dirt?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done to mitigate branch failure caused by codominant leaders in young trees?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential cause of bark scald on a tree?
Signup and view all the answers
Which remedy is suggested for trees suffering from flooding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical symptom of a plugged vascular system in plants?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a questionable benefit in the care of cut roots?
Signup and view all the answers
Which action is advised if bark damage has occurred on a tree?
Signup and view all the answers
What could worsen the damage to trees that suffer from poor drainage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary remedy for preventing bark scald on newly transplanted trees?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a symptom of incompatible grafting in plants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common cause of salt damage in plants?
Signup and view all the answers
What symptom indicates a nitrogen deficiency in plants?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the best remedy for salt accumulation in potted plants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is likely to cause leaves to wilt?
Signup and view all the answers
What soil condition can lead to high pH levels and nutrient deficiencies in plants?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a symptom of high temperature and bright sunlight affecting plants?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the recommended remedies for alleviating drought stress in plants?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of bare-root plants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which planting method involves roots enclosed in burlap?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an important step when planting container-grown plants?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a recommended practice for ensuring the health of planted trees and shrubs?
Signup and view all the answers
When are bare-root plants typically shipped?
Signup and view all the answers
Which option is NOT a method of purchasing plants mentioned?
Signup and view all the answers
What should the size of the hole be when planting a healthy plant?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of plants are often available year-round?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a benefit of using trees and shrubs as landscape ornamentals?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of resources can be consulted for better understanding specific plants?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the recommendations for planting trees and shrubs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which publication focuses on the integration of landscape trees and shrubs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is one of the reasons to refer to the American Nursery and Landscape Association?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the publication 'Trees and Compacted Soils' address?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect of planting is emphasized in 'Up by Roots: Healthy Soils in the Built Environment'?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following references discusses flowering shrubs suitable for different seasons?
Signup and view all the answers
Circling roots can lead to a general decline of plant vigor over time.
Signup and view all the answers
Watering any time during the day is equally beneficial for plants.
Signup and view all the answers
Shallow roots are less susceptible to stress during drought conditions.
Signup and view all the answers
A hardpan is beneficial for root growth as it provides strong support.
Signup and view all the answers
Trunk girdling roots can limit water and nutrient transport in woody plants.
Signup and view all the answers
Excess moisture is generally more detrimental to plants than inadequate moisture.
Signup and view all the answers
Frequent, shallow watering encourages deep root growth.
Signup and view all the answers
Compacted soil contributes to a decline in plant growth from the bottom up.
Signup and view all the answers
Douglas firs from the Rocky Mountains are less hardy than those from the Cascades.
Signup and view all the answers
Flowering dogwoods from New York have lower hardiness compared to those from Florida.
Signup and view all the answers
Chlorosis in broadleaf plants can indicate herbicide damage.
Signup and view all the answers
Dichlobenil is specifically harmful to conifers by causing needle necrosis.
Signup and view all the answers
Phenoxy compounds, such as 2,4-D, are not particularly harmful to certain plants.
Signup and view all the answers
Glyphosate is known to cause symptoms in conifers.
Signup and view all the answers
Dicamba is beneficial for all types of plant species.
Signup and view all the answers
Herbicide drift can particularly affect broadleaf plants.
Signup and view all the answers
A balled and burlapped plant should be placed one inch deeper than the soil surface when planting.
Signup and view all the answers
Container soils require more frequent watering than native soil.
Signup and view all the answers
It is advisable to prune one-third of a tree’s branches to compensate for root loss when planting.
Signup and view all the answers
Light pruning can be beneficial for correcting problems in newly planted trees and shrubs.
Signup and view all the answers
When backfilling, it is important to add amended soil for the best results.
Signup and view all the answers
Newly transplanted trees and shrubs can tolerate periods of inadequate rainfall.
Signup and view all the answers
The hole for planting a B&B or container plant should be a minimum of two or three times as wide as the soil ball.
Signup and view all the answers
The top five inches of soil/medium should remain dry before watering newly transplanted plants.
Signup and view all the answers
Elemental sulfur can be used to decrease soil pH.
Signup and view all the answers
Chlorosis in plants is solely caused by a lack of nutrients.
Signup and view all the answers
Herbicide damage rarely occurs if label directions are followed closely.
Signup and view all the answers
Bright sunlight can enhance the effects of herbicides on plants.
Signup and view all the answers
Plants suffering from flooding can be treated with iron chelate to improve vigor.
Signup and view all the answers
Signs of plant problems may include wilting and early leaf drop.
Signup and view all the answers
Soil freezing depth can influence the health of surrounding plants.
Signup and view all the answers
Misuse of herbicides typically results in minimal damage to desirable plants.
Signup and view all the answers
The chilling requirement of a plant species does not depend on its origin.
Signup and view all the answers
Sunscald is more prevalent on stressed, smooth-barked trees during sunny winter days.
Signup and view all the answers
Plants with new growth that begin to bloom early in the spring are tolerant of frost.
Signup and view all the answers
A late freeze in spring can cause damage to newly growing plants.
Signup and view all the answers
Wind protection or shading is recommended only when plants are actively growing.
Signup and view all the answers
Roots can effectively take in water from frozen soil.
Signup and view all the answers
Sunscald damage usually starts on the exposed southwest side of a tree trunk.
Signup and view all the answers
Plant deacclimation can occur before the chilling requirement is met.
Signup and view all the answers
Backfill with native soil that is not ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Average rainfall in Kentucky is often adequate for woody plant growth once the plant has been ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Water the plant thoroughly when the top five inches of ______ become dry.
Signup and view all the answers
Sometimes the digging process results in balled and ______ plants.
Signup and view all the answers
Light ______ may be helpful in correcting problems with newly planted trees and shrubs.
Signup and view all the answers
Excavate, if necessary, to find the topmost ______ and ensure that it will be no deeper than one inch below grade.
Signup and view all the answers
Moisten both container and native soils adequately to prevent new plants from being injured or dying of ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Tamp down the soil to remove ______ pockets.
Signup and view all the answers
Compacted soil is less open to air and water movement, thus creating adverse conditions for ______ growth.
Signup and view all the answers
If bark is completely knocked off around its trunk, a tree will ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Heavy equipment or repeated traffic can lead to soil ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Late fall and early winter are the best time for ______ application to damaged trees.
Signup and view all the answers
Improper pruning, broken branches, and storm damage can lead to tree or shrub ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Developers and builders often do not take proper precautions with regard to ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Symptoms of decay include trunk showing no ______ or flaring out at the soil.
Signup and view all the answers
Digging trenches for foundations can cause serious ______ loss.
Signup and view all the answers
Bulldozers may gouge the ______ off a tree’s trunk.
Signup and view all the answers
The addition of fill soil or planting too ______ decreases the air supply to roots.
Signup and view all the answers
Bark wounds visible on the plant are a symptom of ______ damage.
Signup and view all the answers
Even with prompt treatment, severely damaged trees may ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Cut roots may cause a decline in growth from the top of the plant ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Removing all ties and staking wires is crucial to prevent ______ of trunk and branches.
Signup and view all the answers
Consulting an ______ can help improve drainage for established trees.
Signup and view all the answers
Filling cavities and using pruning paint is of ______ value in preventing decay.
Signup and view all the answers
Failure to mitigate the problem may result in branch failure and the potential for ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Symptoms of ______ include a wilted or droopy plant.
Signup and view all the answers
Hot sun, or alternate freezing and thawing of bark, can be the cause of ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Remedies for newly transplanted trees include shading the southwest side of the trunk with a loose layer of plastic window ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Cut back damaged roots ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Watering may help if the problem is not due to poor ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Diseases such as verticillium wilt can cause a ______ vascular system.
Signup and view all the answers
If the tree is old, consider subordinating the weaker branch, cabling, or ______ the competing limbs.
Signup and view all the answers
Plants may experience chlorosis due to exposure to bright ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Soil pH can be decreased using elemental ______.
Signup and view all the answers
To provide temporary cooling for plants, it is recommended to syringe the leaves with ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Improper use of ______ can result in damage to desirable plants.
Signup and view all the answers
Wilting, early leaf drop, and poor growth are symptoms of ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Plants can become greener when treated with iron or manganese ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Trench digging, poor drainage, and insects can lead to root ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Herbicides may inhibit photosynthesis, leading to chlorosis and ______ production.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Selecting and Planting Woody Plants
- Woody plants are essential components for landscaping, enhancing a property's aesthetic, psychological, environmental, and economic values.
- Choose plants carefully based on their suitability for your desired design effect and ability to thrive in your property's environment.
- Consider factors like sun exposure, temperature, soil pH, drainage, and water availability when selecting plants.
- Trees and shrubs can be purchased in various forms:
- Bare-root (BR): These plants have minimal soil around their roots. They are commonly used for deciduous plants and smaller evergreens.
- Balled and Burlapped (B&B): These plants are dug with soil around the roots, enclosed in burlap or synthetic materials. They are available year-round.
- Container plants: Grown and sold in containers, available year-round.
- Field-potted plants: Grown in a field, dug with or without soil, and potted into containers with organic medium, field soil, or a combination of both.
Planting Procedures
- Proper planting procedures are crucial for establishing healthy plants.
- Instructions for different types of plants (bare-root, balled and burlapped), will vary.
- When planting, ensure the hole is larger than the spread-out root system.
- Remove the container, even paper-mâché or peat pots, before planting.
Landscape Plant Problems
-
Codominant Leaders: Two or more branches compete for dominance, potentially leading to branch failure.
- Remedy: Prune out all but one leader if the tree is young; consider subordinating, cabling, or bracing branches if the tree is older.
-
Bark Scald, Sunscald, or Southwest Disease: Dead bark on the south or southwest side of the trunk, often affecting newly transplanted and young trees.
- Remedy: Shade the southwest side of the trunk with a loose layer of plastic window screen. Wrapping may also help.
-
Graft Failure: Incompatible scion and stock leads to overgrowths or plant breakage at the graft union.
- Remedy: Purchase plants rooted from cuttings instead of grafted ones or avoid known incompatible stock-scion combinations.
-
Flooding: Too much water limits oxygen for the roots, leading to reduced or stopped water uptake.
- Remedy: Improve drainage, decrease water supply, or plant on a berm or raised bed.
-
Plugged Vascular System: Diseases like verticillium wilt can cause plant wilting.
- Remedy: Determine the cause of wilting and take appropriate action, such as applying fungicides or using resistant plants.
-
Salt Damage: Excess salts from fertilizers, manure, and deicing materials collect in the soil, potentially harming roots.
- Remedy: Leach salts from the soil by applying irrigation water in excess of the soil's water-holding capacity.
-
Nitrogen Deficiency: Overall yellowing of leaves, with older leaves affected first.
- Remedy: Fertilize with nitrogen fertilizer.
-
High pH: Alkaline soil can make iron and manganese unavailable, leading to interveinal chlorosis and potential leaf death.
- Remedy: Adjust soil pH to ensure adequate nutrient availability.
Resources for More Information
- Consult local bookstores and county Extension services for publications about growing plants in your area.
- Refer to the listed publications and resources for further information on selecting and planting woody plants.
Plant Hardiness
- Douglas fir trees from the Rocky Mountains are hardier than those from the Cascades due to differences in winter temperatures.
- Flowering dogwood trees from New York are hardier than those from Florida or Georgia, despite being the same species, due to differences in cold periods.
Herbicide Effects
- Dichlobenil (Casoron): Causes chlorosis or necrosis in broadleaf plants, particularly in leaves exposed to afternoon sun. Conifers can experience needle tip chlorosis or necrosis.
- Phenoxy Compounds (2,4-D, MCPP, triclopyr): Cause twisted, distorted leaves and stems in broadleaf plants with grapes, Mahonia, and tomatoes being highly sensitive. Conifers can develop misshapen, distorted needles.
- Dicamba (Banvel): Leads to twisted growth and chlorosis in broadleaf plants. Conifers experience distorted, twisted needles and needle necrosis.
- Glyphosate (Roundup): Can cause death of broadleaf plants and strap-shaped new leaves. Conifers are not affected.
- Triazines (Atrazine, Simazine): Cause chlorosis in broadleaf plants and needle tip chlorosis in conifers. Long-term residuals in the soil can damage desirable plants.
Planting Depth
- Bare-root trees and shrubs should be planted with the topmost root level with the soil surface or slightly higher.
- Excess soil should be removed from the top of the root ball.
- Backfill with native soil and tamp down to remove air pockets.
Pruning
- It is not advisable to prune one-fourth to one-third of a tree or shrub's branches to compensate for root loss during planting.
- Light pruning can correct issues after planting.
-
Steps for pruning:
- Remove dead or injured branches.
- Remove interfering, rubbing, or crossed branches.
- Remove branches forming narrow "V" crotches.
Watering
- Newly planted trees and shrubs require additional water than established plants during their first year.
- Water thoroughly when the top five inches of soil are dry.
- Avoid overwatering as it can lead to root diseases.
Root Problems
-
Trunk Girdling (Strangling) Roots:
- Symptoms: Slow deterioration of the plant, diminished top growth.
- Causes: Impurities in the soil, twisting the plant during planting, improper root spreading.
- Remedies: Remove debris and foreign materials from the soil before planting. Prune girdling roots and spread roots properly during planting.
-
Circling Roots:
- Symptoms: General decline in plant vigor.
- Cause: Plants exposed to hot sun.
- Remedies: Shade the plant. Use plants tolerant to heat and low humidity. Syringe leaves with water for temporary cooling.
-
Lack of Roots:
- Symptoms: Wilting, leaf drop, chlorosis, necrosis, poor growth, and death.
- Causes: Rot or decay from poor drainage, trenching, transplanting, or insect damage.
- Remedies: Improve drainage, avoid trenching, and treat insect infestations.
Soil Problems
-
Compacted Soil:
- Symptoms: Decline in growth from top down.
- Remedies: Decrease soil pH with sulfur, iron sulfate, or ammonium-based fertilizers. Spray or drench the root system with iron or manganese chelate.
-
Other Causes:
- Chlorosis can also be caused by drought, herbicide misuse, bright sunlight, or natural leaf maturity.
Herbicide Damage
- Most herbicide damage occurs from misuse.
- Severity and type of damage depend on the type of herbicide, amount applied, plant species, and plant growth stage.
- Herbicides affecting plant hormones can cause twisted and distorted growth.
- Herbicides inhibiting photosynthesis can cause chlorosis.
Cold Temperature Damage
- Cold temperature damage can occur at any time depending on the severity of the cold and the plant's hardiness stage.
- Damage is most common during sudden temperature drops, very cold midwinter temperatures, abrupt temperature drops after a warm spell, and late freezes after growth starts in spring.
- Plants may not yet be acclimated to cold, deacclimate after a period of cold, or start to grow prematurely.
Winter Hardiness
- Plants need to accumulate a certain amount of exposure to low, non-freezing temperatures (45°F) during dormancy to deacclimate.
- The chilling requirement depends on the plant's origin.
Winter Injury
- Winter wind and sun can cause damage to evergreens by causing transpiration without water replenishment from frozen soil.
- Sunscald of bark can occur on sunny winter days, particularly on stressed or thin-barked trees. Wrapping tree trunks can prevent sunscald.
Site Influences
- Distance from large bodies of water, solid fences or hedges, soil moisture availability before a freeze, and raised beds or containers can influence the severity of cold damage.
Planting Depth
- When planting a B&B or container plant the hole should be at least two to three times wider than the soil ball.
- Ensure the container media level is even with the soil surface or slightly higher.
- Backfill with native soil, avoiding amendments.
- Tamp down the soil after backfilling to remove air pockets and ensure no soil pockets remain.
- Water thoroughly after planting.
Pruning
- Pruning one-fourth to one-third of branches is not recommended, as it does not compensate for root loss during planting.
- You can prune dead or injured branches, rubbing or crossed branches, and branches with narrow "V" crotches.
Suffocated Roots
- Cause: Fill soil, planting too deep, or paving around the plant's base.
- Symptoms: Tree trunk shows no buttressing or flaring at the soil point, leaf and branch growth decline from the top.
- Remedy: Remove excess soil, replant at the proper depth, improve drainage, consult an arborist about the possibility of an air well.
Cut Roots
- Cause: Trenches within the plant's root zone.
- Remedy: Avoid cutting large roots, tunnel underneath roots, cut back damaged roots, water the plant, fertilization is of questionable benefit.
Stem Wounds, Cankers, or Girdling
- Symptoms: Bark wounds.
- Cause: Rope left on after planting, careless mowing or weed trimming, or staking ties left on too long.
- Remedy: Remove ties immediately after planting. Avoid using mowing and weed-cutting equipment on plant trunks and stems. Cut loose bark in a rounded shape, avoid painting wounds.
Fork Pockets
- Symptoms: Death or decline in growth from the top down.
- Cause: Two or more branches competing to be the central leader.
- Remedy: Prune out all but one leader if the tree is young. If the tree is old, consider subordinating the weaker branch, cabling, or cabling and bracing the competing limbs.
Bark Scald
- Symptoms: Dead bark, often on the south or southwest side of the trunk.
- Cause: Hot sun, or alternate freezing and thawing of bark.
- Remedy: Shade the southwest side of the trunk, wrapping the trunk with light-colored, woven material may be beneficial.
Graft Failure
- Cause: Exposure to hot sun.
- Remedy: Shade the plant, use heat and low humidity-tolerant plants, periodically spray leaves with water.
Lack of Roots
- Symptoms: Wilting, early leaf drop, chlorosis, necrosis, poor growth, and death.
- Cause: Rot, decay, trenching, transplanting, or insects.
- Remedy: Improve drainage, avoid trenching and transplanting, control insect pests.
Flooding
- Symptoms: Wilting or droopy plant.
- Cause: Excess water limits oxygen available to roots.
- Remedy: Improve drainage, decrease water supply, plant on a berm or raised bed.
Plugged Vascular System
- Symptom: Plant wilts.
- Cause: Diseases like verticillium wilt.
- Remedy: Determine the cause and take appropriate action.
Chlorosis
- Cause: Drought, herbicide misuse, bright sunlight, or natural leaf maturity.
- Remedy: Determine the cause and take appropriate action.
Herbicide Damage
- Cause: Almost always due to herbicide misuse.
- Symptom: Twisted or distorted growth, chlorosis.
Site Influences
- Causes: Grade changes, paved areas, heavy equipment traffic, mechanical injury.
- Outcomes: Soil compaction, root damage, reduced water movement.
- Remedy: Proper construction practices, address pre-existing issues.
Care After Construction
- Focus: Minimize stress on newly planted trees or those subjected to construction.
- Actions: Water and fertilize trees properly, prioritize watering, use a complete fertilizer with equal nitrogen and phosphorus.
Care for Damaged Trees
- Focus: Minimizing damage and maximizing the chance of survival.
- Action: Prompt water and fertilizer application, using a complete fertilizer with equal nitrogen and phosphorus in late fall or early winter.
General Notes
- Key considerations: Soil compaction and damage to roots during construction can significantly impact tree health.
- Management: Avoid root damage, mitigate pre-existing issues, and provide proper care after construction.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of selecting and planting woody plants in landscaping. It delves into factors influencing plant choice, including environmental conditions and planting methods. You'll also learn about the different forms in which these plants can be purchased to enhance your landscaping projects.
