Sejarah Agama Islam: Era Kenabian dan Kekhalifahan

Sejarah Agama Islam

Prophetic Era (610-632 CE)

• Islam was revealed to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in Mecca, Arabia through angel Gabriel (Jibril)
• Initially, the message was met with resistance and persecution from the Meccan pagans
• Migration to Medina (Hijrah) in 622 CE marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar
• Prophet Muhammad established the first Islamic community in Medina, with the Constitution of Medina as a framework for governance

Rashidun Caliphate (632-661 CE)

• After Prophet Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr was elected as the first Caliph (leader) of the Islamic community
• The Rashidun Caliphate saw the expansion of Islam through conquests, with the Byzantine and Persian Empires being defeated
• The caliphs who ruled during this period were:
  1. Abu Bakr (632-634 CE)
  2. Umar ibn Al-Khattab (634-644 CE)
  3. Uthman ibn Affan (644-656 CE)
  4. Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661 CE)

Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE)

• The Umayyad dynasty was established by Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan, a companion of Prophet Muhammad
• The capital was moved from Medina to Damascus, and the Arabic language became the official language of the empire
• The Umayyad Caliphate saw significant territorial expansion, with the conquest of Spain, North Africa, and parts of Central Asia

Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE)

• The Abbasid dynasty was established by Abu al-Abbas, who overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate
• The capital was moved to Baghdad, and the Islamic Golden Age began, with significant advancements in science, philosophy, and literature
• The Abbasid Caliphate saw the rise of Islamic scholarship, with the development of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and theology (kalam)