Seeking Medical Care and Interpreting Symptoms
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Questions and Answers

What is the main aim of discharge planning in a healthcare setting?

  • To organize post-hospital care and assess risks (correct)
  • To prioritize hospital protocol over patient needs
  • To ensure patients are readmitted quickly for ongoing care
  • To increase the patient's length of stay

Which aspect is essential for reducing stress associated with discharge?

  • Only considering the family's needs
  • Minimizing the patient's involvement in discharge planning
  • Assessing the patient’s cognitive functioning upon admission (correct)
  • Ignoring social problems related to the patient

In palliative care, what is a primary goal when dealing with patients with advanced progressive illness?

  • To cure the underlying illness completely
  • To rely solely on medication without family support
  • To develop a treatment that prolongs life at all costs
  • To control pain and maintain quality of life (correct)

What typically refers to the psychological effects experienced by patients after an ICU stay?

<p>Post-intensive care syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a challenge in ICU communication with patients and families?

<p>Uncertainty about treatment options creates conflict (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why may elderly patients struggle with discharge planning related to dependency?

<p>They may feel independence is being taken away (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a negotiated model in patient care?

<p>Shared decision-making among practitioners, patients, and families (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor must be considered during discharge planning for patients with social problems?

<p>Personal relationships and support systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that communication with family is crucial in the ICU?

<p>Decisions may involve end-of-life issues that require family input. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one strategy mentioned that can help reduce long-lasting trauma for patients after ICU?

<p>Having patients and families keep diaries of their experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does post-intensive care syndrome often entail for patients?

<p>The need to revisit the ICU to process their experience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant communication challenge faced in the ICU?

<p>Patients may be unresponsive or unconscious while in care. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does relocation stress, also known as translocation stress, primarily affect patients after leaving the ICU?

<p>It leads to a feeling of loss due to separation from critical care. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable gap in healthcare workers' ability to communicate with ICU patients?

<p>Ventilation inhibits their ability to communicate effectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of end-of-life decisions in ICU, what does the expertise model imply?

<p>The physician and ICU team are the best equipped to make these decisions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can exacerbate communication challenges for ventilated patients in ICU?

<p>Tubes inserted in their throats that hinder verbal communication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can affect the length of a patient's stay in the hospital following surgery?

<p>Mood of the patient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge associated with pain management in patients post-surgery?

<p>Correct dosage determination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of patients tends to self-administer more analgesic when using PCA?

<p>Patients with avoidant coping strategies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one requirement for patients to use Pain-Controlled Analgesia (PCA)?

<p>Patients must be alert enough to follow instructions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do patients in the ICU have poor memories for experiences?

<p>Incommunication phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of PCA usage compared to traditional pain management methods?

<p>Reduced pain experienced (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technological aspect is most prominent in the ICU compared to other hospital units?

<p>Advanced medical devices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can positively affect PCA use among patients?

<p>Prior patient education (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Social Ecological Model emphasize in health-related contexts?

<p>The influence of larger social and environmental factors on individual behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of epidemiology, what is primarily studied?

<p>Changing patterns of health and disease across populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first identified instance of COVID-19 in Canada known as?

<p>Index case (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of the epidemiological process used to study disease occurrence?

<p>Focusing solely on treatment methods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did epidemiologists identify and respond to the COVID-19 outbreak in Canada?

<p>By identifying the first index case and analyzing its spread (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of health as described by the Social Ecological Model?

<p>The influence of school board policies and community norms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between epidemiology and community health?

<p>Epidemiology analyzes population health trends to inform interventions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about disease outbreaks is accurate?

<p>The identification of index cases helps in understanding disease transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of needle exchange programs within harm reduction strategies?

<p>To reduce the risk of disease transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes 'efficacy' from 'effectiveness' in drug testing?

<p>Efficacy refers to ideal condition outcomes, while effectiveness refers to real-world outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective counters the pragmatic view regarding harm reduction methods?

<p>The moralistic view. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a pragmatic approach to harm reduction?

<p>Implementing strategies that yield positive results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might youth feel that harm reduction programs do not improve overall life circumstances?

<p>They have limited access to harm reduction services. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an additional service provided by fixed site needle exchange programs beyond distribution of needles?

<p>Educational resources and counseling. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception exists regarding harm reduction strategies?

<p>They promote health-compromising behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant health risk is prevalent among Indigenous youth in BC who use injection drugs?

<p>Hepatitis C infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a reproduction number (R) greater than 1 in a viral outbreak?

<p>The rate of spread is increasing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the incubation period of a virus?

<p>It may last up to 14 days, with a 4 to 5 day average. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group shows a notably higher health impact from COVID-19?

<p>Adults over 70 years of age. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a pre-symptomatic individual from an asymptomatic one?

<p>Both categories show an absence of symptoms but differ in illness confirmation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of transmission for the SARS-CoV-2 virus?

<p>Direct transmission through droplet contact. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the time it takes for the number of cases to double in an outbreak?

<p>It allows the prediction of future case counts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Delta variant of COVID-19 is known for its:

<p>Rapid spread and becoming more common in populations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is most crucial in determining the risk of disease transmission between individuals?

<p>The actions of individuals such as coughing or sneezing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do epidemiologists primarily study?

<p>Changing patterns of health and disease across populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first identified instance of a medical problem called?

<p>Index case (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the social ecological model?

<p>It considers larger contexts influencing health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of epidemiologists in health studies?

<p>Identify populations at risk and inform interventions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major factor did Langille and Rodgers (2010) include in their analysis of physical activity in schools?

<p>School board policies and societal academic pressures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines epidemiology?

<p>The study of epidemics and public health trends (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the index case of COVID-19 identified in Canada?

<p>It marked the beginning of an outbreak in Canada. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do epidemiologists determine the spread of a health problem?

<p>By tracing back from an index case and analyzing patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a pandemic?

<p>A large epidemic occurring worldwide across multiple countries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which describes point prevalence?

<p>The total number of cases at a specific point in time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological effect can fear have during a pandemic?

<p>It may promote cooperation with health measures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of acceptance-based coping?

<p>Acknowledging fear as a natural response to the pandemic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the total number of current cases of a disease?

<p>Current cases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical incubation period for the virus, according to common estimates?

<p>4 to 5 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does socio-economic status have on health?

<p>Higher wealth is positively related to better health outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an R value greater than 1 indicate in the context of an outbreak?

<p>An increase in the rate of infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior describes the process of focusing on what we can control during challenging times?

<p>Secondary control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of asymptomatic individuals?

<p>They have not had the illness confirmed and show no symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Delta variant is accurate?

<p>It rapidly became the most common variant in many countries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of isolation during a pandemic?

<p>Increased rates of domestic violence and eating disorders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What transmission method is primarily responsible for the spread of SARS-CoV-2?

<p>Water droplets from respiratory actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are individuals over the age of 80 considered at a higher risk for COVID-19?

<p>They experience more severe symptoms and complications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it indicate if symptoms of COVID-19 peak after about 10 days?

<p>Symptoms may worsen, indicating severe infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of COVID-19, what is typically less likely to lead to disease transmission?

<p>Surface-borne SARS-CoV-2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the distribution of wealth influence the overall health of a country's citizens?

<p>A smaller gap between the richest and poorest leads to better health outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as a significant social determinant of health?

<p>Socioeconomic status and education (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population is particularly noted for being vulnerable to health problems?

<p>Street youth and the elderly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'upstream causes' refer to in the context of health?

<p>Social, environmental, and economic conditions influencing health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area did Canada rank twelfth among 44 developed countries?

<p>Healthy life expectancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about purely biomedical approaches to health?

<p>They are sufficient to address health disparities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the vulnerability of Indigenous peoples regarding health disparities?

<p>Long-term effects of colonization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant issue do Canadians face compared to other developed countries?

<p>Longer wait times for care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of harm reduction strategies?

<p>To provide comprehensive health services as a right for all. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the effectiveness of fixed site needle exchange programs?

<p>They offer educational and counseling services alongside needle distribution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant health concern for Indigenous youth in BC who use injection drugs?

<p>High prevalence of hepatitis C infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'specific immunity' refer to in the context of vaccination?

<p>The immune system's ability to remember and recognize pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a common misconception about harm reduction strategies?

<p>They provide an endorsement for drug use. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do needle exchange programs aim to reduce harm associated with drug use?

<p>By distributing clean, unused needles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the COVID-19 case rate of indigenous communities and the general population?

<p>Indigenous communities have a COVID-19 case rate that is four times lower than that of the general population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the vulnerability of individuals living in inner-city environments?

<p>High rates of chronic diseases and mental illness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant issue is experienced by at least 235,000 Canadians annually?

<p>Chronic homelessness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding families experiencing homelessness in Toronto?

<p>They are the largest group of homeless individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one aspect that harm reduction strategies aim to achieve?

<p>To reduce the harmful effects of certain behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which belief does harm reduction reject?

<p>That individuals get what they deserve through their actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological factors are emphasized in harm reduction strategies?

<p>Trust and compassion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historic factor contributes to health disparities among Indigenous people?

<p>Long-term effects of colonization and racist policies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial clinical use of psychedelics associated with?

<p>Management of addiction and alcoholism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of psychedelics does mescaline belong to?

<p>Phenethylamines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable effect is most commonly associated with MDMA rather than traditional psychedelics?

<p>Increased feelings of empathy and connection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about LSD is accurate?

<p>Its psychoactive properties were recognized on 'bicycle day' in 1943. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common misconception about the early understanding of psychedelics?

<p>They were grouped under the term 'psychotomimetics' suggesting they induce psychosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes MDMA from most psychedelics regarding its effects on serotonergic neurons?

<p>It is highly neurotoxic at high doses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of the 2C-x family of compounds?

<p>They can be lethal at high doses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a psychoactive compound found in Ayahuasca that aids in its psychedelic effects?

<p>Harmine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about psilocybin is accurate?

<p>It is considerably less harmful than alcohol and tobacco. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bufotenin's primary source is associated with which of the following?

<p>Sonoran desert toad (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

DMT and 5-MeO-DMT are primarily recognized for their use in which cultural context?

<p>Ritualistic and medicinal purposes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychoactive substance is known for creating significant emotional empathy during its use?

<p>MDMA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the LD50 of bufotenin suggest about its safety compared to other psychedelics?

<p>It is less toxic than MDMA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary neuropharmacological effect of ibogaine related to its receptor affinity?

<p>Enhances GDNF expression in the nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What subjective effects can high doses of dextromethorphan (DXM) produce?

<p>Visual and auditory hallucinations with dissociation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a significant effect of phencyclidine (PCP) on behavior?

<p>Induces psychomotor agitation and aggression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known neurotoxic effect associated with high doses of ketamine?

<p>Reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychoactive substance has been used in clinical settings to treat opioid withdrawal symptoms?

<p>Ibogaine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor does dextromethorphan (DXM) primarily antagonize to produce its effects?

<p>NMDA receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does PCP affect the nervous system, according to its pharmacological action?

<p>It functions as a non-competitive antagonist at NMDA receptors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can ketamine treatment potentially improve in patients with major depressive disorder?

<p>Symptoms of depression within hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of ibogaine makes it particularly risky at high doses?

<p>It has a high risk of cardiovascular effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common psychological effect of ketamine use as a dissociative?

<p>Ego dissolution and depersonalization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS)

Posttraumatic stress disorder developed after an ICU stay.

Discharge planning

Organizing post-hospital care and assessing risks like social issues & support.

Discharge challenges for elderly

Elderly might struggle with hospital routines changes.

Discharge planning: length planning

Discharge planning considering patient involvement.

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Discharge planning: cognitive assessment

Assessing a patient's cognitive function to predict coping ability.

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Palliative care

Care focusing on quality of life for advanced illnesses.

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Advanced progressive illness

Illness rapidly progressing toward death.

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Negotiated model

Decision-making involving practitioners, patients, and families.

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Reflection stage in ICU

A period after ICU where patients try to understand their recent experience.

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ICU relocation stress

Stress from leaving ICU and the technology/care used there.

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Communication in ICU challenges

Difficult to communicate because of unconsciousness, tubes, and ventilation.

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ICU Communication solutions

Staff and patient/family journaling to learn about experience and process.

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End-of-life ICU decisions

Decisions on life support may involve patient, family, and medical professionals.

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Expertise model for ICU decisions

Medical team is the best source to make decisions about care at the end of life in ICU.

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ICU patient experience, communication issues

Patient's inability to communicate in ICU due to unconsciousness or technology/issues.

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Post-ICU syndrome

Helps with long-term healing for patients and family, includes journals.

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Pain Management Goal

To ensure a patient's satisfactory recovery after surgery.

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Pain Management Challenges

Controlling pain effectively and determining the right dosage.

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PCA (Pain-Controlled Analgesia)

A system where patients self-administer pain medication through a pump.

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PCA Advantages

Patients tend to use less medication, experience less pain, and have a better quality of life.

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PCA Individual Differences

Patients use PCA differently depending on factors like coping strategies and age.

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ICU Technology

Modern technology plays a significant role in the Intensive Care Unit.

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ICU Nurse-to-Patient Ratio

The ICU has the lowest nurse-to-patient ratio in the hospital.

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ICU Patient Phases

Patients in the ICU experience three distinct phases: incommunication, readaptation, and rehabilitation.

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Social Ecological Model

A framework that acknowledges the individual is influenced by a collection of larger, interrelated, and cumulative contexts like organizations, communities, and government.

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Epidemiology

The study of health and disease patterns across populations and geographic areas, focusing on factors like environmental contaminants or food safety.

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Index Case

The first identified instance of a medical problem.

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Outbreak

A sudden increase in the number of cases of a particular disease in a specific area.

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SARS-CoV-2

The virus responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic.

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How does the social ecological model apply to epidemiology?

Epidemiology uses the social ecological model by recognizing that diseases emerge from various factors, ranging from individual behaviors to broader societal contexts. This helps identify risk factors and target interventions effectively.

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What is the importance of identifying an index case?

Identifying the index case is crucial for tracing the spread of a disease, understanding its origins, and implementing effective control measures.

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How can epidemiology inform interventions?

By studying disease patterns, epidemiologists can identify risk factors and target specific interventions to reduce the impact of diseases on populations.

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Pre-symptomatic

A person who has a confirmed infection but hasn't shown any symptoms yet.

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Incubation Period

The time from when a person is infected with a virus to when they start showing symptoms.

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Reproduction Number (R)

The average number of people an infected person will infect.

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Doubling Time

The time it takes for the number of cases to double.

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Aerosol Transmission

The spread of a virus through tiny droplets in the air.

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Surface-borne Virus

A virus that can survive on surfaces and potentially cause infection.

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Delta Variant

A highly transmissible variant of the virus.

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Harm Reduction

A public health approach that aims to reduce the negative consequences of risky behaviors, such as drug use, without necessarily eliminating the behavior itself.

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Needle Exchange Programs

Programs that provide clean needles to injection drug users to reduce the spread of infectious diseases like HIV and hepatitis C.

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Pragmatic View

The belief that the most effective methods should be employed, regardless of moral considerations.

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Moralistic View

The belief that some methods are morally wrong, even if they are effective.

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Vaccine Efficacy

The extent to which a vaccine is able to produce its intended effect (e.g., prevent disease) in ideal conditions.

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Vaccine Effectiveness

The extent to which a vaccine is able to produce its intended effect (e.g., prevent disease) in real-world settings.

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Specific Immunity

The ability of the immune system to remember and recognize a specific pathogen, and then produce immune cells to fight it off.

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Safe Dosage

A small and safe amount of a pathogen that is introduced to the body through a vaccine to stimulate the immune system.

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Asymptomatic

A person who has the virus but does not show any symptoms.

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Pandemic

A widespread epidemic occurring across international boundaries, affecting a significant number of people.

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Prevalence

The number of confirmed or presumed cases of a disease at a given time.

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Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease occurring in a specific period.

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Fear and anxiety

Emotional responses to a pandemic, which can lead to improved compliance with health measures or feelings of helplessness.

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Behavioral activation

A coping strategy involving proactive actions to increase resilience in challenging situations. Focuses on three Cs: control, coherence, connectedness.

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Secondary control

A coping mechanism involving managing controllable aspects when direct control is limited. Example: focusing on handwashing when you can't change the virus.

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Gradients of health

The relationship between socioeconomic status and health outcomes.

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Acceptance-based coping

A coping strategy that encourages recognizing and acknowledging emotions without letting them dictate behavior. Example: Accepting fear as a natural response to a pandemic.

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Wealth and Health

People with more wealth tend to have better health outcomes.

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Social Determinants of Health

Factors like housing, education, and income that influence a population's health.

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Upstream Causes

Societal and environmental factors that influence health, like government policies and access to resources.

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Biomedical Approach

Focusing only on biological factors to diagnose and treat illnesses, without considering social determinants.

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Vulnerability

The increased likelihood of experiencing health problems due to factors like exposure, lack of resources, or social disadvantages.

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Health Disparities

Differences in health outcomes between social groups, often linked to social determinants.

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Colonization's Impact

The long-term effects of colonization have significantly impacted the health of Indigenous peoples.

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Racist Policies and Actions

Policies and actions based on racism can contribute to health disparities.

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Indigenous COVID-19 Impact

Indigenous communities in Canada have a significantly lower COVID-19 case rate and mortality rate compared to the general population.

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Inner-City Vulnerabilities

Residents of inner-city environments face numerous health challenges, including poor nutrition, high rates of chronic diseases, and mental health issues.

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Homelessness in Canada

A significant number of Canadians experience homelessness each year, suffering from feelings of alienation and helplessness.

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Homeless Families in Toronto

Families represent the largest group of homeless people in Toronto, often experiencing trauma and facing unique challenges.

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Systemic Racism's Impact

Systemic racism, rooted in colonization, has significant negative impacts on Indigenous health, including through residential schools, discriminatory policies, and disregard for traditional healing practices.

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Harm Reduction Strategy

A public health approach that aims to reduce the harmful effects of risky behaviors, such as drug use, without necessarily eliminating the behavior.

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Harm Reduction Principles

Harm reduction strategies are based on trust, compassion, non-judgment, and evidence, and can be implemented at various levels.

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Rejecting 'Just World Belief'

Harm reduction rejects the 'just world belief,' recognizing that people's circumstances are not solely determined by their actions.

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Psychedelic

A mind-altering drug that produces altered perceptions, thoughts, and feelings, often characterized by visual hallucinations, synaesthesia, and altered time perception.

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Mescaline's effect

Mescaline can cause visual fractals, synesthesia, time distortions, and altered sensory perception, similar to other psychedelics, but it is considered a weaker phenethylamine.

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Phenethylamines

A class of psychedelic drugs that share a similar chemical structure, including mescaline, MDMA, and MDA.

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Tryptamines

A different structural class of psychedelic drugs, distinct from phenethylamines, but also known to induce altered states of consciousness.

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Psychedelics in therapy

Psychedelics, like psilocybin and LSD, have been used in psychotherapy to treat conditions like alcoholism and OCD with some promising results.

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Ibogaine

A naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in the Tabernanthe iboga shrub, used traditionally in Central African rituals and more recently explored for its potential in addiction treatment.

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Noribogaine

The primary metabolite of ibogaine, the form that exerts the psychoactive effects in the body.

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NMDA Receptor Antagonist

A substance that blocks the activity of NMDA receptors, which are important in learning, memory, and neuronal communication.

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Dextromethorphan (DXM)

A common over-the-counter cough suppressant that has psychoactive effects at higher doses, similar to ketamine and PCP.

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Dissociative Anesthetic

A drug that alters perception and sense of self, producing detachment from the body and surroundings, often used for surgery.

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Phencyclidine (PCP)

A potent dissociative anesthetic with high abuse potential, known for its strong psychoactive effects.

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Ketamine

A dissociative anesthetic like PCP, but less potent, used in medicine and recreationally, with growing interest in its potential antidepressant properties.

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Lateral Habenula

A brain region involved in processing negative emotions and reward prediction.

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Antidepressant Effects

The ability of a substance to alleviate symptoms of depression.

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Tyrosine Hydroxylase

An enzyme crucial for the production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in reward and motivation.

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Enactogens

Substances like MDMA that induce feelings of empathy and connection, but also share some pharmacological characteristics with psychedelics.

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MDMA: Monoamine Release

MDMA strongly releases all monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) by binding to their respective transporter sites.

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MDMA: Receptor Affinity

MDMA also acts as an agonist (activates) at various receptors, including dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine receptors.

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MDMA: Neurotoxicity

MDMA can be neurotoxic to serotonergic neurons at high doses, potentially leading to serotonin syndrome.

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Psilocybin & Psilocin

Psilocybin is a psychedelic found in mushrooms, rapidly converted to psilocin with similar effects. It binds to specific serotonin receptors.

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Ayahuasca

A brew used in South America that contains DMT (dimethyltryptamine) and MAO inhibitors like harmine & harmaline.

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DMT & 5-MeO-DMT

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-MeO-DMT are potent psychedelic tryptamines with different durations of effects.

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LSD-25: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

LSD is a potent psychedelic synthesized from ergot fungus, known for its profound and unpredictable effects on perception, thought, and emotions.

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Study Notes

Seeking Medical Care

  • Perceiving symptoms are influenced by individual differences in attention to internal states, mood, genetics, and personality traits.
  • Stress elevates symptom reporting and increases vulnerability to illness.
  • Individuals with differing gender experience symptoms differently although women tend to seek medical care more frequently.
  • Age differences exist, with older adults less likely to notice certain symptoms, and potentially overreporting age-related changes.
  • Weight bias may delay seeking care when experiencing symptoms, like COVID-19.
  • Environmental factors, including social interaction and the surrounding environment, affect symptom perception.

Interpreting Symptoms

  • Education and health literacy influence symptom interpretation.
  • Expectations and prior experience impact symptom reporting.
  • Cultural factors, like societal norms and gender roles, can affect how individuals interpret symptoms.
  • Lay referral systems, informal networks of non-practitioners, play important roles in the initial stages of symptom interpretation.
  • Patients often search the internet for information and advice, resulting in increased burden on the healthcare system and potential exposure to misinformation (cyberchondria).
  • Type and characteristics of symptoms, like sudden onset, pain, visible effects, or symptoms affecting essential parts of the body play a role in how quickly individuals seek medical attention.

Delaying Medical Care

  • Appraisal delay—time taken to decide if a symptom warrants a medical visit.
  • Illness delay—time between recognizing illness and seeking care.
  • Behavioral delay—time to schedule an appointment.
  • Medical delay—time between scheduling and receiving care.
  • Factors associated with delays include fear, trust, social influences, and age of the patient.
  • Delay in symptoms of breast cancer can affect rates of survival.

Hospital Stays

  • Top 5 reasons for hospital stays (Canadian data from 2019) include giving birth, COPD and bronchitis, heart attack, heart failure, and osteoarthritis of the knee.
  • Different patient types (outpatients, inpatients, day care patients, emergency patients) each have unique experiences in the hospital setting.
  • Patients commonly lose control over certain aspects of their hospital stays, from decision making to procedures and environment, which can contribute stress.

Better Outcomes and Hospital Decisions

  • Patient's active participation has shown increased rates of positive outcomes in comparison to physician-guided decision-making.
  • Reactance in patients, a negative reaction to perceived limits on freedom leads to potentially non-compliant behavior in patients.
  • Learned helplessness, reduced ability to overcome challenging circumstances, can impact patients in various stages of hospital care.
  • Monitors seek more information while blunters avoid information, which is essential to tailoring information provided to patients' coping styles.
  • One-size fits all approaches to information provision can be detrimental, instead adjusting to personal needs and coping styles for better outcomes.

Patient-Centered Care

  • Patient-centered care involves patients and families actively participating in their treatment plan.
  • Approach is increasingly adopted globally and values the needs and preferences of patients and families.
  • Patients, families and nurses work together for an effective outcome focused treatment.
  • Factors like communication, patient and family education and a sense of care can have positive effects on the experience of care, including health outcomes.
  • Concerns around communication in intensive care, including the patient's (and family's) participation and health professional expertise also is a key component.

Recovering from Surgery

  • Difficulties faced by patients in recovery include incapacitation, unfamiliar sensations, pain, and uncertainty.
  • Pain management, including controlled analgesia (PCA), plays a crucial part in post-surgery recovery.
  • Patient's coping styles, including those who actively seek solutions versus those who avoid them, play a role in how they adjust to their situation.

Intensive Care Unit (ICU)

  • ICU experiences, which are typically characterized by advanced technology, can impact patients in various ways.
  • Communication with patients and families is an essential aspect of ICU care, and should include specific strategies in various circumstances and types of technology.
  • Patients move through different phases of ICU care, including initial/re-adaptation stages towards long term recovery.

Palliative Care

  • Advanced progressive illnesses can include symptoms that increase in intensity requiring complex care.
  • Goals of palliative care focus on controlling symptoms like pain and optimizing quality of life while working through the end of life.
  • Options like hospice and home-based care are common in palliative care.

Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders

  • DNR decisions involve careful decision-making, and consideration of personal wishes around end-of-life care.
  • These decisions are best developed in collaboration between healthcare professionals and patients.
  • Mixed approach to management involves addressing immediate life-sustaining treatments while also providing support for end-of-life decisions.

Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID)

  • MAID, is an option for end-of-life care for competent adult Canadians, involving the administration of lethal medication.
  • Critical considerations involve a 10-day waiting period, voluntary action, and the person being over the age of 18.

Psychology of Medical Procedures

  • Colonoscopy and mammograms can have significant psychological impacts on patients.
  • Patients may experience anxiety, fear, discomfort and distress, with reactions possibly prolonged.

Physician Stress

  • Uncertainty about outcomes is a significant source of stress.
  • Issues like communication of bad news, and time constraints increase physician stress.
  • Gender differences can influence how physicians experience the profession, with female physicians potentially facing added pressures from juggling family and professional roles.
  • Many factors—including the work environment, relationships with patients, and their own coping styles—contribute to the stress felt by physicians.

Nurse Experiences

  • Nurses often experience high levels of stress, compassion fatigue, and burnout.
  • Balancing caregiving with technical proficiency, while also navigating uncertainty, adds to professional challenges.
  • The nursing role often involves being the point of contact for patients and families, increasing demands to ensure compassion and comfort in situations, like those with emergency needs, that are demanding and unpredictable.
  • The increasing demands on the modern nursing role are a major consideration for maintaining the quality of care delivered.

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Related Documents

Chapter 9 The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People PDF
Chapter 10 From One to Many: Health on a Large Scale PDF
PSYC 383 Lecture 9 PDF

Description

This quiz explores the various factors influencing how individuals perceive and interpret medical symptoms. It delves into the roles of gender, age, weight bias, and cultural norms on the decision to seek medical care. Additionally, it discusses the impact of stress and health literacy in understanding symptoms.

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