Seed Storage and Transportation Guidelines
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Questions and Answers

What minimum information should be recorded on weatherproof labels for seeds?

  • Species, seed lot number, and date of collection
  • Species, seed lot number, geographic location, weight, date of collection, and collector's name (correct)
  • Seed source, collector's name, and weight of seed
  • Collector's name, date of collection, and storage instructions
  • What is advised when there is a high risk of damage from pests and diseases?

  • Refrain from using any chemicals on fresh seeds
  • Use insecticidal or fungicidal dusts with caution on fresh seeds (correct)
  • Only rely on environmental controls, avoiding chemical treatments
  • Treat all seeds with fungicidal dust without exception
  • What should be done to minimize losses from pests on the forest floor?

  • Plant more seeds to increase yield
  • Use heavy-duty fencing around collection areas
  • Delay collection until all fruits have fallen
  • Promptly collect fallen fruits (correct)
  • What is recommended for temporary storage of fruits before processing?

    <p>Arrange field storage in well-ventilated, sheltered areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the storage of sacks be optimized to protect against rodents?

    <p>Hang sacks from hooks or keep them spaced on racks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended moisture percentage for orthodox seeds before shipment by air?

    <p>12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it appropriate to use coded information in seed collection?

    <p>During large-scale operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should sacks of seeds not be piled on top of each other?

    <p>It avoids damage from heat build-up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most preferred method of transport for seeds under normal conditions?

    <p>Road transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be prioritized over chemical treatments for maintaining fruit hygiene?

    <p>Adequate ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal moisture content range for storing seeds?

    <p>8-12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary considerations for temporary storage in the open?

    <p>Provide protection against rain and excessive insolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should vehicle drivers be aware of when transporting seeds?

    <p>The nature of their loads and the need for proper care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of exposing seeds to fluctuating temperatures?

    <p>Loss of seed viability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of seed processing?

    <p>To maximize production of clean seed with high viability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does high humidity affect seed storage?

    <p>It causes seeds to absorb moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is seed sorting important in forest seed processing?

    <p>It helps in increasing the germination rate and plant quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vehicles should be used for transporting most species of seeds?

    <p>Open trucks and trailers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is exposure to light detrimental to seed storage?

    <p>It accelerates deterioration of the seed coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the economic benefits of effective seed sorting?

    <p>Translates into economic gains for farmers and producers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to maintain high moisture content during transport for certain seed species?

    <p>Using polythene bags and providing shade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What processes are included in seed processing?

    <p>Sorting, extraction, cleaning, and drying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should seeds be prepared for transport if the distances are short?

    <p>They can be loaded without containers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measure should be taken to enhance seed storage regarding pests and diseases?

    <p>Store seeds in sealed containers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is rapid transport crucial for certain seed species?

    <p>They lose their viability soon after seed fall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about seed extraction is true?

    <p>It can take place at a central processing depot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods can be used to maintain low moisture content in seeds?

    <p>Sun drying or air-drying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does seed sorting influence plant quality?

    <p>It reduces the likelihood of selecting genetically inferior seeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pesticide may be applied to stored seeds?

    <p>Chemical or organic pesticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal moisture content for orthodox seed storage?

    <p>5-7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what moisture content does germination of orthodox seeds begin?

    <p>Above 45-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended storage condition for seeds regarding light exposure?

    <p>In darkness or covered nontransparent containers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does temperature and humidity control play in seed transport?

    <p>It aids in preserving seed viability during transit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated if test results show high moisture content in seed?

    <p>Seeds need to be dried further before storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common problem faced in seed sorting?

    <p>Predicting and controlling the processes involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions may lead to the growth of fungus in seeds?

    <p>Above 12-14%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test is used to determine the capacity of a seed lot to produce healthy seedlings?

    <p>Germination/viability test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum moisture content range for sealed storage to be considered safe?

    <p>4-8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the weight determination test involve?

    <p>Weighing 1000 pure seeds of the specified species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate method for seed that is easy to germinate?

    <p>Direct (germination) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is seed dormancy?

    <p>The physiological state when seeds cannot readily germinate despite favorable conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dormancy is characterized by a hard, thick seed coat?

    <p>Physical dormancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes mechanical dormancy in seeds?

    <p>Hard encasement structures in the fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples demonstrates physical dormancy?

    <p>Paraserianthes falcataria (falcata)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dormancy involves chemical compounds preventing germination in the presence of water?

    <p>Chemical dormancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of physical dormancy on seed germination?

    <p>Delays germination by preventing water absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines mechanical dormancy?

    <p>Fruits restrict the embryo from developing properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The species Aleurites moluccana demonstrates which type of dormancy?

    <p>Mechanical dormancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course Title/Code: Forest Seeds and Nursery Technology (For3091)
    • Course Credit: 3 Credit Hours and 5 ECTS
    • Instructor: Yadesa A.
    • Year: 2024 AY

    Handling of Fruit and Seed between Collection and Processing

    • Seed handling encompasses collecting, sorting, cleaning, storing, and preparing seeds for planting or processing, ensuring viability and quality
    • Effective seed handling boosts crop yield by promoting planting of high-quality seeds, crucial for agricultural productivity
    • Proper seed handling supports ecosystem restoration by encouraging the growth of native plant species, vital for habitat and biodiversity recovery

    Reduction of Bulk and Maintaining Viability

    • Fruit, not seeds, are typically collected from trees
    • Sun drying of fruits and seed extraction in the field is suitable in specific climates
    • In other cases, quick transport of fruits to processing depots permits controlled extraction
    • Careful handling is needed when seeds are not extracted in the field to prevent deterioration due to temperature, humidity, moulds, and overheating

    Maintaining Identity

    • Each fruit container should be correctly labeled
    • Identical labels inside and outside containers prevent loss of information when dispatched
    • Weatherproof labels should include species, seed lot number, geographic location/source, weight of seed, date of collection, and collector's name
    • A copy of the seed collection data sheet or certificate of origin with seed lot number reference should accompany or be mailed with the seed

    Hygiene and Contamination

    • Special measures may be required to prevent damage from pests and diseases
    • Insecticidal or fungicidal dusts are sometimes advisable but require extreme care to avoid chemical damage to the seed
    • Maintaining fruit hygiene, particularly through good ventilation, is preferred to chemical reliance
    • Storing sacks off the ground protects against rodents
    • Prompt collection of fallen fruits helps minimize future losses

    Temporary Storage at Seed Processing Depot

    • If fruits cannot be transported immediately, temporary field storage in sheds or shelters is needed
    • Shelters should have proper ventilation, and sacks should be spaced on racks or hung from hooks
    • Open-sided or well-ventilated sheds are preferred, and canvas tarpaulins or polyethylene sheets can give overhead protection in open storage
    • Sacks should not be piled too high.

    Condition during transport

    • Minimize time between dispatch from collection site (farm, depot) and the central processing depot
    • Part of planning must include adequate transport to avoid delays and breakdowns
    • Even short stops increase heat build-up in fruit and cone sacks
    • Drivers should be briefed on load details and proper handling, aiming for prompt delivery
    • Open trucks and trailers are preferred to close vans for improved air circulation

    Seed Processing

    • Fruit, not seeds, are usually harvested
    • Some species are referred to as seeds but are technically fruits used for planting
    • Seeds must be extracted from their coverings

    Forest Seed Sorting

    • Seed sorting aims for purity and quality in the final product.
    • Prediction and control of this are generally difficult

    Pre-Cleaning

    • Cones and fruits should be cleaned of impurities for subsequent extraction, cleaning, storage, or sowing
    • Cleaning is often done in large operations via oscillating screens or vibrators. Also, pre-cleaning via flotation is used.
    • Hand cleaning may be used in small-scale operations to remove major debris

    Pre-Curing

    • Deliberate storage and slow air-drying of fruits/contained seeds to prepare them for operations of kiln drying, extraction, and long-term storage
    • Seeds do not ripen uniformly, ideally, there is proper timing

    Seed Extraction

    • Extraction involves removal of seeds from fruits
    • Methods for extraction vary by fruit type/species, e.g., drying, rubbing, crushing, scraping, etc

    Operations between Extraction and Storage

    • Seed lots contain debris that must be removed after extraction
    • Sound seeds must be separated from empty or nonviable seeds and any inert fruit fragments
    • Seeds must be properly graded for uniformity

    Seed Storage

    • Seeds should be stored after processing until dispatching
    • Factors to consider for seed storage include temperature, humidity, moisture content, light, and protection from diseases and pests
    • A cool, dry, dark, well-ventilated location that is protected from pests and diseases is essential

    Trade and Distribution of Seed

    • Seed transfer happens when the seed producer and user are geographically apart.
    • Market pricing reflects procurement costs and seed quality
    • Documentation like seed test records and origin/source documents are crucial
    • Distance between producers and consumers can impact distribution

    Seed Testing

    • Seed testing measures the quality of seeds, determining the number of healthy plants expected to grow from a given amount of seed
    • Tests include purity, authenticity, seed weight, germination, viability, moisture content, and seed health.
    • The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) sets standards for testing seed quality.

    Seed Quality and Sampling

    • Seed quality refers to purity, viability, vigor, and health
    • Seed quality is assessed via seed testing, preferably shortly after collection/purchase
    • Storage can negatively impact seed quality; testing should thus be repeated after long-term storage to estimate the seed amount needed to produce the required number of seedlings for planting

    Seed Sampling

    • Seed testing should only be conducted on representative samples due to their destructiveness.
    • Samples are drawn prior to testing, and they should be representative of the entire seed lot
    • Sub-samples are drawn from containers or parts of containers (for large seed lots)
    • Combining a few small seed lots to test as a single lot may be useful in some circumstances

    Genuineness (True-to-type) Test

    • True-to-type seeds will reliably produce offspring reflecting the parent tree's characteristics.
    • This is critical for reforestation, genetic diversity maintenance, and optimizing timber/fruit quality.
    • True-to-type seeds are paramount in forestry; using seeds inconsistent with that can be risky

    Purity Test

    • Seed lots contain seeds from other species, fruits, twigs, leaves, and dirt, alongside the target species
    • Pure seed refers exclusively to the seeds of the target species, both viable and non-viable
    • Purity percentage is calculated by separating pure seed from other elements

    Seed Moisture Content Test

    • The test involves measuring moisture content, primarily to ensure proper condition for storage
    • Oven-drying the seed sample is required.

    Seed Weight Determination

    • This test calculates the weight of 1000 seeds to determine weight per unit
    • The quantity of seed in short supply can be reduced to 100 or 500 seeds

    Germination/Viability Tests

    • These tests determine a seed lot's capacity to produce healthy seedlings, crucially for estimating the amount of seed needed for a desired number of seedlings
    • Direct tests for germination are suitable for easily germinable seeds
    • Indirect tests for viability are more suitable for difficult-to-germinate seeds

    Seed Pre-Sowing Treatments

    • These methods help overcome seed dormancy, accelerating germination and seedling production.
    • Method variations range in time commitment, from few minutes to a few days to complete

    Soaking in Cool Water

    • This method helps break physical, mechanical, and chemical dormancy in seed, often done over a single day.

    Soaking in Hot Water

    • This method is effective for breaking dormancy in seeds with hard, thick, and waxy seed coats

    Mechanical (Scarification) Methods

    • Seed coat or fruit shells are mechanically scarified (holes cut or scraped for water uptake)
    • Post-treating soaking in cool water is usually done

    Fire or Heating Methods

    • This involves spreading and burning dry grass to stimulate germination
    • Used for cracking seeds with thick shells

    Trade and Distribution of Seeds

    • Seed transfer occurs between geographically separated seed producers and seed users
    • Price reflects procurement and seed quality, with quality tests recorded
    • New species and small-scale producer needs may create unique issues to be addressed by the distribution system

    During Tree Seed Dispatching

    • Seed needs to reach end-users with minimum loss of viability, using optimized transport methods

    End-users

    • End-users may include plant owners, small-scale farmers, and others
    • Their needs and capacities for seed usage can vary

    Quiz Questions

    • Describe seed extraction and its uses
    • List tree seed pre-cleaning methods
    • Describe key factors to consider when storing tree seeds

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the essential guidelines for storing and transporting seeds effectively. It covers aspects such as optimal moisture content, labeling, pest management, and preferred transport methods. Test your knowledge on best practices for seed handling to minimize losses and ensure quality.

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