Seed Dormancy and Germination Quiz
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Seed Dormancy and Germination Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which phase of plant reproduction involves the maturation of fruits and seeds?

  • Light Phase (correct)
  • Enzymatic Phase
  • Germination Phase
  • Dormancy Phase
  • What process occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

  • Non-cyclic phosphorylation
  • Germination
  • Photolysis of water (correct)
  • CO2 fixation
  • Which of the following is a requirement for seed germination?

  • Established root system
  • Absence of water
  • Seed dormancy
  • Viable seed (correct)
  • What is the primary function of Photosystem II in the light reactions?

    <p>Splitting of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is associated with CO2 fixation in plants?

    <p>C3, C4, and CAM pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?

    <p>Thylakoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes quiescence in seeds?

    <p>Inability to germinate despite viable conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of phosphorylation occurs in the light reactions during the transfer of electrons?

    <p>Non-cyclic phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of plant growth is characterized by the highest exponential growth rate?

    <p>Log phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thylakoids in photosynthesis?

    <p>Site where water is oxidized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of plant life cycle does a plant transition from germination to having true leaves?

    <p>Seedling stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs in the stroma during photosynthesis?

    <p>CO2 reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of photographs involves catalyzing the removal of electrons from water molecules?

    <p>Photosystem II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of growth is associated with the onset of flowering?

    <p>Declining phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main product of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily developed during the vegetative stage of plant growth?

    <p>Root systems and foliage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the senescence phase of plant growth?

    <p>Characterized by the death of the plant and its parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transforms light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis?

    <p>Thylakoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of the C3 pathway during photosynthesis?

    <p>3-Phosphoglyceric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the carboxylation in the C4 pathway?

    <p>Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do CAM plants adapt to their environment regarding water usage?

    <p>They fix CO2 at night.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method for testing seed germination involves immersion in a diluted solution to determine viability?

    <p>Tetrazolium test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the structure referred to as Kranz anatomy?

    <p>Bundle sheath cells surrounding mesophyll cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of CO2 in photosynthesis?

    <p>To serve as a carbon source for glucose synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the photorespiration process in plants?

    <p>RuBisCO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about C4 plants is correct?

    <p>They minimize photorespiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during light reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>NADPH and ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the efficiency of photosynthesis?

    <p>Soil composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) play in photosynthesis?

    <p>It provides energy for the light-dependent reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically used as a raw material in the photosynthesis general reaction?

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the plant does the Calvin cycle occur?

    <p>In the chloroplast stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

    <p>Photosynthesis generates glucose, while respiration breaks it down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of antenna pigments in photosynthesis?

    <p>To serve as an energy funnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of seed germination does the cotyledon not raise above ground?

    <p>Hypogeous germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during noncyclic photophosphorylation?

    <p>e- from water transfer to NADP+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental conditions must be met for proper seed germination?

    <p>Favorable temperature and proper moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mainly generated during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>NADPH and ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves soaking seeds in water to break dormancy?

    <p>Hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of photosystems in photosynthesis?

    <p>Convert light energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Z-scheme in photosynthesis?

    <p>It illustrates the flow of electrons through photosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of photosynthesis is oxygen produced?

    <p>Light phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT used to break seed dormancy?

    <p>Excessive sunlight exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Seed Dormancy & Quiescence

    • Dormancy: A seed's inability to germinate due to specific environmental factors.
    • Quiescence: A seed's failure to germinate due to the absence of necessary germination requirements.

    Germination

    • The resumption of growth in an embryo, leading to the radicle (root) emerging from the seed coat or the shoot breaking through, forming a seedling.

    Stages of Germination

    • Activation: The initial stage where a seed's germination process begins.
    • Epigeous: Germination pattern where the hypocotyl elongates, raising the cotyledons (seed leaves) above ground. Mostly observed in dicotyledonous plants.
    • Hypogeous: Germination pattern where the hypocotyl does not raise the cotyledons above ground; only the epicotyl (the part of the stem above the cotyledons) emerges.

    Germination Requisites

    • Seed Viability: The seed must be viable for germination to occur.
    • Internal Conditions: The seed itself must have favorable internal conditions for growth.
    • Proper Temperature: The appropriate temperature range is critical for germination.
    • Oxygen: Adequate oxygen supply is needed for cellular respiration during germination
    • Environmental Conditions: The surrounding environment must be conducive to germination, such as humidity.

    Methods of Breaking Dormancy

    • Soaking In Water: Exposing seeds to cold or warm water can break dormancy.
    • Scarification: Mechanical or chemical treatment to scarify the seed coat, facilitating germination.
    • Stratification: Storing seeds in a high-moisture and low-temperature environment to induce germination.
    • Chemical Treatments: The use of chemicals like potassium nitrate (KNO3), thiourea, hydrogen peroxide, and growth regulators to stimulate germination.
    • Breaking the Seedcoat: Removing the hilum covering can sometimes resolve seed coat dormancy.

    Methods of Testing Seed Germination

    • Ragdoll: This method involves placing seeds on a piece of cloth, which is then rolled up and placed in a container with moisture. The germination percentage is then calculated.
    • Seedbox Method: Seeds are sown in a box with a specific type of medium, and the germination percentage is calculated.
    • Petri Dish Method: Seeds are placed on filter paper in a petri dish with a suitable solution, and germination is monitored.
    • Tetrazolium Test: A solution of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, a colorless solution, is used to assess seed viability. Seeds are placed in the solution, and the resulting color change (darker) indicates a sound, viable seed.

    Photosynthesis (PS)

    • General Equation: CO2 + H2O + Light → CH2O + O2
    • Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR): Wavelengths from 380 nm (violet) to 760 nm (red) in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
    • Processes, Products and Sites:
      • Sucrose synthesis: Occurs in the cytosol
      • Triose phosphate synthesis: Occurs in the chloroplast stroma
      • Calvin Cycle: The cycle in which carbon dioxide is converted into sugars; occurs in the chloroplast stroma
      • NADPH and ATP generation: Produced during the light reactions in the chloroplast thylakoids.
      • Oxygen production: Released during the light reactions in the chloroplast thylakoids.
      • Water uptake: Water is taken up from the soil for photosynthetic processes.
      • CO2 uptake: Carbon dioxide enters the plant through stomata.

    Crop Yield & Photosynthesis

    • Crop yield is affected by the efficiency of the photosynthetic process.

    Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

    • Light: Quantity and quality of light are key factors.
    • CO2 Concentration: Availability of CO2 in the atmosphere.
    • Leaf Diffusive Resistance: The resistance of the leaf surface to gas movement.
    • Temperature: Optimal temperature range for photosynthetic activity.
    • Water: Sufficient water availability is crucial for photosynthesis.
    • Leaf Age: Various age groups of leaves have different photosynthetic rates.
    • Mineral Status: The presence of essential minerals in plants influence the efficiency of photosynthesis.

    Photosynthetic Apparatus

    • The chloroplast is the primary site of photosynthesis.

    Respiration

    • Importance: Generates NADH and ATP, which are essential energy carriers; provides the carbon skeletons needed for compound synthesis.
    • Water: Comes from the soil.
    • CO2 Movement: CO2 enters and exits through stomata.

    Respiration Sites:

    • Light Reaction: The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, where solar energy is transformed into chemical energy.
    • Dark Reaction: The stroma of the chloroplast, where CO2 is reduced in the Calvin Cycle.

    Reaction Centers

    • Photosystem I and II: Play a crucial role in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
      • Photosystem II: Catalyzes the removal of electrons from water molecules (photolysis, the process of splitting water).
      • Photosystem I: Absorbs light energy independently, but its core component receives electrons from Photosystem II.

    Z-Scheme and Hill Reaction (Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation):

    • Light reactions occur across the thylakoid membrane.
    • Electrons are transferred from water to NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), accompanied by H+ ion transport.
    • The energy in the electron transport chain is used to generate ATP by ATP synthase.

    Cyclic Photophosphorylation:

    • Electrons from Photosystem I cycle back through ferredoxin and some components of the electron transport system, causing ATP production.

    Light and Dark Phases

    • Non-cyclic photophosphorylation and cyclic photophosphorylation generate NADPH and ATP in the light phase and are utilized in the dark phase (Calvin Cycle) for CO2 fixation and sugar synthesis.

    CO2 Fixation

    • C3 Pathway: The first stable product of the Calvin Cycle is 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). The first step is the carboxylation of RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) to form two molecules of 3-PGA by the enzyme RuBP carboxylase (rubisco).
    • C4 Pathway: The first product is oxaloacetic acid, formed by the carboxylation of PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) catalyzed by the enzyme PEP carboxylase.
    • Kranz Anatomy: A specialized cell organization seen in C4 plants:
      • Bundle Sheath Cells: Surround the vascular bundles.
      • Mesophyll Cells: Surrounding the bundle sheath cells.
    • Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM): Used by plants that grow in areas with minimal water availability.
      • Stomata: Close during the day and open at night.
      • Malic Acid: CO2 is fixed at night to form malic acid, which is stored in the vacuole.
      • Decarboxylation: Malic acid is decarboxylated during the day, releasing CO2 for the Calvin cycle.

    C3 vs C4 Pathways

    • C4 plants have a higher ratio of CO2 to O2 within their photosynthetic cells, effectively minimizing photorespiration.
    • C4 plants maintain higher photosynthetic efficiency, as they can fix CO2 more efficiently.

    Photorespiration

    • A process in plant metabolism where the enzyme RuBisCO (found in C3 plants) oxygenates RuBP, causing some of the energy produced by photosynthesis to be wasted.

    Phases of Plant Growth:

    • Lag Phase: Early vegetative growth.
    • Log Phase: Grand period of growth where growth rate is exponential.
    • Declining Phase: Flowering onset is offset by leaf fall
    • Steady Phase: Grain filling and ripening continue steadily.
    • Senescence: Characterized by death of the plant and its parts.

    Stages of Plant Development

    • Seedling Stage: Begins with germination and ends when true leaves develop.
    • Vegetative Stage: Juvenile stage between seedling and flowering, characterized by the growth of the root system and foliage.

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