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Questions and Answers
What are the three classes of sedimentary rocks, according to the presented classification?
What are the three classes of sedimentary rocks, according to the presented classification?
- Terrigenous clastic, chemical, and an unnamed third type. (correct)
- Clastic, chemical, and organic.
- Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary.
- Detrital, biogenic, and volcanic.
Which of the following describes terrigenous clastic sediments?
Which of the following describes terrigenous clastic sediments?
- Sediments formed by volcanic activity
- Sediments that have precipitated directly from a solution.
- Sediments transported as solid particles. (correct)
- Sediments formed from the remains of organic matter.
What is a key characteristic of chemical sediments?
What is a key characteristic of chemical sediments?
- They were once dissolved in a solution. (correct)
- They are generally found in deep ocean trenches.
- They are formed by intense heat and pressure.
- They are composed of large, angular fragments.
According to the course content, which topic directly follows 'SEDIMENTARY ROCKS CLASSIFICATION'?
According to the course content, which topic directly follows 'SEDIMENTARY ROCKS CLASSIFICATION'?
What distinguishes a claystone from a siltstone?
What distinguishes a claystone from a siltstone?
What is the general term used for sedimentary rocks composed of silt and/or clay?
What is the general term used for sedimentary rocks composed of silt and/or clay?
What characteristic is used to differentiate silt from clay by touch?
What characteristic is used to differentiate silt from clay by touch?
If a sedimentary rock is made with more than one-third of both clay and silt, how is it classified?
If a sedimentary rock is made with more than one-third of both clay and silt, how is it classified?
Which of the following is NOT a terrigenous clastic sedimentary rock?
Which of the following is NOT a terrigenous clastic sedimentary rock?
What is the approximate size range (diameter) of silt particles according to the content?
What is the approximate size range (diameter) of silt particles according to the content?
Which of the following is an example of a specific type of sandstone, as mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is an example of a specific type of sandstone, as mentioned in the content?
What differentiates terrigenous clastic rocks from carbonate clastic rocks?
What differentiates terrigenous clastic rocks from carbonate clastic rocks?
Which of the following is NOT a chief constituent of detrital/terrigenous clastic rocks?
Which of the following is NOT a chief constituent of detrital/terrigenous clastic rocks?
What is the primary criterion used to differentiate the various types of detrital rocks?
What is the primary criterion used to differentiate the various types of detrital rocks?
What is the Wentworth Scale?
What is the Wentworth Scale?
How does the phi scale relate to the grain diameter?
How does the phi scale relate to the grain diameter?
Why is a negative sign used in the phi scale formula?
Why is a negative sign used in the phi scale formula?
What is the primary difference between sediments and sedimentary rocks?
What is the primary difference between sediments and sedimentary rocks?
Which of the following represents the correct relationship between breccia and conglomerate?
Which of the following represents the correct relationship between breccia and conglomerate?
What is the primary composition of limestone?
What is the primary composition of limestone?
Which type of chert is known for its banded form?
Which type of chert is known for its banded form?
What triggers the deposition of evaporites such as rock salt and gypsum?
What triggers the deposition of evaporites such as rock salt and gypsum?
Which of the following processes does NOT contribute to the formation of limestone?
Which of the following processes does NOT contribute to the formation of limestone?
Which organisms are thought to contribute to the biological origin of chert?
Which organisms are thought to contribute to the biological origin of chert?
What is the term for the broken shell limestone composed chiefly of shell fragments?
What is the term for the broken shell limestone composed chiefly of shell fragments?
What is the key mineral component of chert?
What is the key mineral component of chert?
What category of sedimentary rocks does travertine belong to?
What category of sedimentary rocks does travertine belong to?
What is the largest size of clastic sedimentary particles defined as clay according to the information provided?
What is the largest size of clastic sedimentary particles defined as clay according to the information provided?
Which of the following best describes the mineral composition of clay minerals?
Which of the following best describes the mineral composition of clay minerals?
Which technique is NOT mentioned as a method to distinguish and observe clay minerals?
Which technique is NOT mentioned as a method to distinguish and observe clay minerals?
What characteristic structure do clay minerals exhibit?
What characteristic structure do clay minerals exhibit?
Which ions are primarily involved in linking the silica layers in clay mineral structures?
Which ions are primarily involved in linking the silica layers in clay mineral structures?
What are the main constituents of clay-sized particles?
What are the main constituents of clay-sized particles?
The crystal layers in clay minerals principally consist of what?
The crystal layers in clay minerals principally consist of what?
What type of rock is categorized as terrigenous clastic sedimentary rock alongside claystone?
What type of rock is categorized as terrigenous clastic sedimentary rock alongside claystone?
What technique is utilized to obtain a detailed image of minerals at a micron level?
What technique is utilized to obtain a detailed image of minerals at a micron level?
Which of the following statements regarding X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is correct?
Which of the following statements regarding X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is correct?
What distinguishes claystone from siltstone in terms of particle size composition?
What distinguishes claystone from siltstone in terms of particle size composition?
What term is most appropriate for mudrocks that show fissility and break parallel to the bedding plane?
What term is most appropriate for mudrocks that show fissility and break parallel to the bedding plane?
How is the term 'mudrock' defined in geology?
How is the term 'mudrock' defined in geology?
What is the primary component of shale?
What is the primary component of shale?
Which composition would classify a rock as a mudstone?
Which composition would classify a rock as a mudstone?
What characterizes the diffraction pattern observed in X-ray diffraction analysis?
What characterizes the diffraction pattern observed in X-ray diffraction analysis?
Flashcards
Terrigenous Clastic Rocks
Terrigenous Clastic Rocks
Rocks formed from solid particles transported and deposited by various processes.
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Rocks formed when minerals dissolved in water precipitate out and solidify.
Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks
Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks
Rocks formed by the accumulation of organic materials, such as plant or animal remains.
Detrital / Terrigenous Clastic Rocks
Detrital / Terrigenous Clastic Rocks
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Wentworth Scale
Wentworth Scale
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Phi Scale
Phi Scale
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Breccia
Breccia
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Conglomerate
Conglomerate
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Lithification
Lithification
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Mixed (Descriptive and Genetic) Classification
Mixed (Descriptive and Genetic) Classification
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Sandstone
Sandstone
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Siltstone
Siltstone
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Claystone
Claystone
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Mudrock
Mudrock
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Mudstone
Mudstone
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What is the size of clay particles?
What is the size of clay particles?
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What are clay minerals composed of?
What are clay minerals composed of?
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How are clay minerals formed?
How are clay minerals formed?
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What are mudrocks?
What are mudrocks?
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What are siltstone and claystone?
What are siltstone and claystone?
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Describe claystone.
Describe claystone.
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How can we distinguish clay minerals?
How can we distinguish clay minerals?
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What is the composition of clay mineral layers?
What is the composition of clay mineral layers?
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X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Pattern Analysis
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Pattern Analysis
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Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
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Shale
Shale
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Slate
Slate
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What is chert?
What is chert?
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What are some varieties of chert?
What are some varieties of chert?
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What is agate?
What is agate?
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What are evaporates?
What are evaporates?
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What is limestone?
What is limestone?
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What is travertine?
What is travertine?
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What is oolitic limestone?
What is oolitic limestone?
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What is chalk?
What is chalk?
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Study Notes
Sedimentary Rock Classification
- Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and lithification of sediments.
- Classification schemes categorise sedimentary rocks based on origin, composition and texture.
- Different classifications exist, including genetic and mixed (descriptive and genetic) methods.
Genetic Classification
- Terrigenous Clastic Sedimentary Rocks:
- Loose materials formed from transported solid particles.
- Key components include lithics, quartz, feldspar, micas, clay minerals and biogenic particles.
- Grain size is a crucial factor in classifying these rocks.
- Wentworth Scale uses phi scale representation of grain diameter in mm
- Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
- Formed by precipitation from solution (e.g., evaporation).
- Major components include inorganic processes (e.g. chert, evaporites) and organic processes that have a biochemical origin.
- Chert is microcrystalline quartz; Evaporites include rock salt and gypsum. Limestone (travertine, oolitic limestone, coquina, chalk) is also a chemical sedimentary rock.
- Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks:
- Predominantly composed of plant and animal remains.
- Includes corals, molluscs, diatoms, radiolarians, and limestones. Coal is a biogenic rock comprised from plant material..
Volcaniclastic Sedimentary Rocks
- Formed from volcanic eruptions or the breakdown of volcanic rocks.
- Different types of volcaniclastic deposits occur:
- Autoclastic: non-explosive fragmentation
- Pyroclastic: explosive eruptions (fallout, flow, surge)
- Resedimented syn-eruptive volcaniclastic: rapid resedimentation of texturally unmodified pyroclastic or autoclastic particles.
- Volcanogenic sedimentary: aggregates containing reworked preexisting materials.
Carbonate Rocks
- Carbonate rocks contain more than 50% carbonate minerals.
- Classification can be based on biogenic, clastic or chemical origins.
- Includes various types such as limestone, dolostone, and chalk.
Dunham Classification of Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks
- This classification scheme uses three main criteria to categorize carbonate rocks:
- Presence/absence of mud/micrite
- Supporting fabric (indicating original sediment characteristics)
- Evidence for presence/absence of organic binding during deposition
Limestone Components
- Limestone consists of grains, mud, and cements.
- Grains include non-skeletal grains (e.g., peloids, ooids, pisolites, composite grains, intraclasts, oncoids, lithoclasts, micritized grains) and skeletal grains (e.g., sponges, foraminifera, echinoderms, molluscs, bryozoans, brachiopods, trilobites, ostracodes, stromatoporoids, corals).
Mudrocks (Siltstone & Claystone)
- Composed of silt or clay-sized particles.
- Can include siltstone (mostly silt) or claystone (mostly clay)
- Classification based on grain size.
Terminology
- Clastic: Composed of pieces of pre-existing rocks.
- Fissility: Tendency of a rock to split along thin, parallel layers.
- Matrix-supported: clasts are surrounded by a finer-grained matrix.
- Clast-supported: clasts are in contact with each other, with no matrix present.
- Organic: Formed by living organisms.
Important terms related to the study of sedimentary rocks:
- Grain size: Size of the particles within the sedimentary rock (Wentworth Scale, Phi Scale).
- Texture: refers to the arrangement of the grains within the rocks..
- Composition: The different types of materials within the sedimentary rock.
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