Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the recommended dose of yohimbine for reversing the effects of xylazine in cattle?
What is the recommended dose of yohimbine for reversing the effects of xylazine in cattle?
Which of the following tranquilizers is infrequently used in cattle due to its long duration of action?
Which of the following tranquilizers is infrequently used in cattle due to its long duration of action?
Which drug is commonly combined with xylazine for sedation?
Which drug is commonly combined with xylazine for sedation?
What is the typical dose range of tolazoline for ruminants to reverse xylazine effects?
What is the typical dose range of tolazoline for ruminants to reverse xylazine effects?
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Which sedative is known to help reduce the risk of hyperthermia in swine?
Which sedative is known to help reduce the risk of hyperthermia in swine?
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Which of the following is a commonly used preanesthetic medication for large animals?
Which of the following is a commonly used preanesthetic medication for large animals?
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What is a potential risk of using xylazine in sheep?
What is a potential risk of using xylazine in sheep?
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At what dosage of xylazine can cattle reach light anesthesia?
At what dosage of xylazine can cattle reach light anesthesia?
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Which alpha-2 adrenergic agent has a lesser oxytocin-like effect compared to xylazine?
Which alpha-2 adrenergic agent has a lesser oxytocin-like effect compared to xylazine?
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Which of the following side effects is associated with the use of xylazine?
Which of the following side effects is associated with the use of xylazine?
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Why should xylazine be used cautiously in near-term pregnant cows?
Why should xylazine be used cautiously in near-term pregnant cows?
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What is the primary reason for avoiding standard dosages of xylazine in excited animals?
What is the primary reason for avoiding standard dosages of xylazine in excited animals?
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Which combination should not be used for rear-end procedures in horses?
Which combination should not be used for rear-end procedures in horses?
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Study Notes
Preanesthetic Medications for Farm Animals
- Alpha-2 adrenergic agents, benzodiazepines, and phenothiazines serve as sedatives and preanesthetic medications in large animals.
- Common medications include xylazine, acepromazine, diazepam, pentobarbital, butorphanol, and chloral hydrate.
Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agents
- Xylazine, detomidine, and romifidine target alpha-2 adrenoreceptors in the CNS, leading to sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation.
- Higher doses of xylazine and detomidine can produce recumbency and significant CNS and respiratory depression.
- Dosage requirements vary based on an animal's temperament; standard doses may be ineffective for excited animals.
Cattle Sedation
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Xylazine Dosage:
- IV/IM doses of 0.015 to 0.025 mg/kg achieve sedation without causing recumbency.
- Doses of 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg can induce recumbency and light anesthesia.
- Epidural xylazine administration can commonly cause sedation.
Sheep and Goats Sensitivity
- Sheep and goats exhibit heightened sensitivity to xylazine, posing risks such as pulmonary resistance and fatal pulmonary edema.
- Use lower concentrations (20 mg/mL recommended) of xylazine in sheep to prevent overdosing.
Side Effects of Xylazine
- Potential side effects include respiratory depression, hypotension, bradycardia, hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, increased urine production, and vomiting, particularly at high doses.
Special Considerations
- Xylazine may have oxytocin-like effects in near-term pregnant cows; caution is advised as it can lead to abortion.
- Detomidine is preferred over xylazine for pregnant cows due to lesser oxytocin-like action.
Horse Sedation
- In horses, xylazine shifts weight to the front legs, increasing the risk of kicking during rear-end procedures.
- It’s advisable to combine xylazine with butorphanol for safer sedation in rear-end procedures.
Swine Sedation
- For swine, xylazine dosage ranges from 0.5 to 3 mg/kg IM and is often combined with ketamine (2-5 mg/kg IV or 5-10 mg/kg IM) or telazol (1-3 mg/kg IV or 2-5 mg/kg IM) for enhanced sedation.
Reversal of Xylazine Effects
- Sedation and analgesia effects of xylazine can be reversed using:
- Yohimbine: 0.12 mg/kg IV in cattle, up to 1 mg/kg IV for small ruminants.
- Tolazoline: 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg IV for ruminants, with fewer adverse side effects compared to yohimbine.
Phenothiazine Use
- Acepromazine is primarily used for horses; it is rarely used in cattle due to long action duration and withdrawal times.
- Acepromazine provides calming and muscle relaxation but lacks analgesic properties.
- Dosages for acepromazine:
- Cattle: 0.03 to 0.05 mg/kg IV
- Sheep and goats: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV
Acepromazine Considerations
- In breeding males, acepromazine may increase the risk of phimosis and predispose adult cattle to regurgitation during anesthesia.
- In swine, it mitigates the risk of hyperthermia and porcine stress syndrome, with dosing at 0.5 mg/kg IM.
Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates
- Diazepam offers brief sedation in small ruminants, with a typical dose of 0.25 to 0.5 mg/kg IV.
- Pentobarbital (2 mg/kg IV) produces mild sedation in cattle, with higher doses avoided to prevent ataxia and delirium, generally lasting 30 to 60 minutes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the sedation techniques used for large animals, focusing on preanesthetic medications, particularly alpha-2 adrenergic agents like xylazine and others. This quiz covers common drugs, their classifications, and effects on the central nervous system. Perfect for veterinary students and animal healthcare professionals.
