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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of security engineering?
Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of security engineering?
Security engineering only focuses on software applications and does not involve hardware considerations.
Security engineering only focuses on software applications and does not involve hardware considerations.
False
What is the primary goal of security engineering?
What is the primary goal of security engineering?
To develop resilient systems that withstand attacks or errors.
_________ refers to the practice of secure communication through the use of codes to protect information.
_________ refers to the practice of secure communication through the use of codes to protect information.
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Which domain requires high reliability and security to prevent catastrophic failures?
Which domain requires high reliability and security to prevent catastrophic failures?
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Artificial Intelligence can be used to enhance security measures.
Artificial Intelligence can be used to enhance security measures.
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What specific domains exemplify the importance of assurance in security engineering?
What specific domains exemplify the importance of assurance in security engineering?
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Match the following components of security engineering with their descriptions:
Match the following components of security engineering with their descriptions:
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What is a potential vulnerability in cheaper devices?
What is a potential vulnerability in cheaper devices?
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Two-factor authentication relies solely on a unique identifier like a PIN.
Two-factor authentication relies solely on a unique identifier like a PIN.
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What is the primary purpose of Identify Friend or Foe (IFF) systems?
What is the primary purpose of Identify Friend or Foe (IFF) systems?
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The Needham-Schroder protocol uses _______ to avoid replay attacks.
The Needham-Schroder protocol uses _______ to avoid replay attacks.
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Match the following security protocols with their primary function:
Match the following security protocols with their primary function:
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What does Chip Authentication Program (CAP) primarily respond to?
What does Chip Authentication Program (CAP) primarily respond to?
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Static PIN management was a well-received approach in past protocols.
Static PIN management was a well-received approach in past protocols.
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What type of attacks does the IFF system's encrypted challenges help prevent?
What type of attacks does the IFF system's encrypted challenges help prevent?
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Which of the following is NOT a standard access right?
Which of the following is NOT a standard access right?
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Mandatory Access Control (MAC) allows object owners to determine access permissions.
Mandatory Access Control (MAC) allows object owners to determine access permissions.
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What does an Access Control Matrix (ACM) represent?
What does an Access Control Matrix (ACM) represent?
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In access control, __________ specifies which users or groups have permissions to access particular resources.
In access control, __________ specifies which users or groups have permissions to access particular resources.
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Match the following access control mechanisms with their descriptions:
Match the following access control mechanisms with their descriptions:
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Which level of access control authenticates users using methods like passwords?
Which level of access control authenticates users using methods like passwords?
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Groups and roles help manage access effectively in organizations.
Groups and roles help manage access effectively in organizations.
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What are the two main types of access control mechanisms?
What are the two main types of access control mechanisms?
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What is the main purpose of access control mechanisms?
What is the main purpose of access control mechanisms?
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Tamper resistance refers to a device's ability to detect unauthorized access.
Tamper resistance refers to a device's ability to detect unauthorized access.
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What does the term 'tamper evidence' imply?
What does the term 'tamper evidence' imply?
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Access control mechanisms help organizations mitigate ______ against unauthorized access.
Access control mechanisms help organizations mitigate ______ against unauthorized access.
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Match the following terms related to access control:
Match the following terms related to access control:
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Which of the following scenarios could require physical tamper resistance?
Which of the following scenarios could require physical tamper resistance?
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Sensitive information such as long-term cryptographic keys requires less protection than what standard operating systems provide.
Sensitive information such as long-term cryptographic keys requires less protection than what standard operating systems provide.
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What kind of processors are available in the market to protect devices from unauthorized access?
What kind of processors are available in the market to protect devices from unauthorized access?
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What does IBM’s μABYSS device do when it detects physical tampering?
What does IBM’s μABYSS device do when it detects physical tampering?
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Memory remanence is the ability of data to be retained in memory even after power has been turned off.
Memory remanence is the ability of data to be retained in memory even after power has been turned off.
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What is one solution to mitigate the risks associated with memory remanence?
What is one solution to mitigate the risks associated with memory remanence?
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The __________ initiative addresses risks from monitoring electromagnetic emissions from devices.
The __________ initiative addresses risks from monitoring electromagnetic emissions from devices.
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Which of the following features does not enhance the effectiveness of security processors?
Which of the following features does not enhance the effectiveness of security processors?
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Match each security processor with its usage or characteristic:
Match each security processor with its usage or characteristic:
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What critical threat can arise from failure in memory security?
What critical threat can arise from failure in memory security?
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The Clipper chip has no known vulnerabilities.
The Clipper chip has no known vulnerabilities.
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Study Notes
Security Engineering
- Security engineering focuses on building systems resilient against attacks or errors.
- It involves designing, implementing, and testing systems to meet security requirements.
- Key aspects include:
- Cryptography: Secure communication using codes.
- Tamper-resistant hardware: Devices resistant to unauthorized modifications.
- Software engineering: Incorporating security principles in software development.
- Economics: Understanding the financial implications of security investments.
- Applied psychology: Anticipating security threats through human behavior assessment.
- Law: Knowledge of relevant legal frameworks.
- Artificial intelligence: Utilizing AI for enhanced security and automation.
- Adversarial thinking: Strategic foresight and planning to anticipate attacks.
Assurance Requirements
- Assurance is paramount in security engineering, especially in systems where failure can have severe consequences.
- Examples include:
- Nuclear safety and control systems: High reliability and security are critical to avoid catastrophic failures.
- Cash machines and online payment systems: Protecting users' financial information requires integrity and confidentiality.
- Medical Records: Safeguarding patient confidentiality and data integrity is paramount.
Potential Vulnerabilities
- Vulnerabilities can still arise even with strong protocols:
- Cheaper devices might use nonces that are not truly random, opening the door to denial-of-service attacks.
- Weak cryptographic practices can compromise security; for example, Eli Biham's attack on the Keeloq cipher in 2008.
Two-Factor Authentication
- Two-factor authentication enhances security by adding an extra layer of verification.
- It involves using multiple credentials, such as a unique identifier (like PIN) and nonces, to authenticate users and servers.
Identify Friend or Foe (IFF)
- IFF systems play a vital role in military contexts.
- They involve a challenge-response mechanism to identify allies and prevent unauthorized access.
- Considerations for potential man-in-the-middle attacks require encrypted challenges to prevent tampering.
Issues in Previous Protocols
- Past errors in protocols, like those in 1993 IBM ATM systems, highlight the importance of dynamically generated challenges and robust encryption.
- These errors emphasized the need for fresh challenges and strong encryption to defend against attacks.
Chip Authentication Program (CAP)
- CAP was developed to combat phishing threats.
- It uses unique EMV chip cards for secure transactions, incorporating varying levels of security based on transaction complexity.
Key Management Protocols
- Secure communication using shared keys requires effective key management protocols.
- A trusted server can encrypt a new key for Bob, allowing Alice and Bob to communicate securely with fresh keys and messages.
Access Rights and Typical Manipulations
- Access rights control operations that can be performed on objects.
- These typically include:
- READ: Viewing the content of an object.
- MODIFY: Changing the content of an object.
- CREATE: Generating a new object.
- CHANGE: Altering the properties of an object.
- DELETE: Removing an object.
Types of Access Control
- Access control mechanisms can be categorized into two main types:
- Mandatory Access Control (MAC): Central authority determines access permissions based on predefined policies.
- Discretionary Access Control (DAC): Object owners control access permissions, providing a decentralized approach.
Access Control and Objects
- Common objects in access control include:
- Files
- Directories (or folders)
- Memory segments
- An entity can serve both as a subject and an object depending on the context.
Access Control Mechanisms in a System
- Access control happens at multiple levels in a computing environment:
- Application Level: Restrictions based on application-specific policies.
- Middleware Level: Bridge between operating system services and application requests.
- Operating System Level: Authentication via passwords or Kerberos, and regulating access to objects and resources.
- Hardware Level: Foundation for implementing access controls.
Access Control Matrix (ACM)
- The Access Control Matrix is a structured representation of permissions.
- Each row represents a subject (user/program); each column, an object (file/resource).
- Cells indicate a subject's access rights over an object.
- It's a policy model, not a direct enforcement tool.
Groups and Roles in Access Control
- Groups and roles are crucial for managing access in large organizations:
- Groups: Users sharing common access rights.
- Roles: Defined sets of permissions assigned to users based on responsibilities.
Access Control Lists (ACLs) vs Capabilities
- ACLs define which users/groups have access to resources.
- Capabilities are tickets that grant permission to interact with a resource, enabling rights delegation.
Conclusion
- Access control mechanisms are integral to computer security.
- Understanding these models, principles, and technologies allows organizations to safeguard sensitive information and maintain operational integrity.
Physical Tamper-Resistance
- Protecting computers and devices holding sensitive information is crucial, even in complex situations.
- Tamper resistance refers to the ability of a device to safeguard confidential keys from extraction.
- Tamper evidence indicates that if a key is extracted, there's evidence of tampering.
High-end Physically Secure Processors
- The need for physical security escalated with the rise of multi-user operating systems and vulnerabilities.
- Sensitive information, like cryptographic keys and PINs, requires greater protection than standard commercial operating systems provide.
- IBM's μABYSS device uses physical tampering to trigger data destruction, but it remains vulnerable to slow attacks like sandblasting.
Memory Remanence Exploitation
- Memory remanence refers to the retention of residual data in computer memory after power off.
- Temperature and radiation alarms can counter this issue, but failures in memory security can expose data during reboot.
Tempest and Power Analysis
- The Tempest initiative addresses the risk of monitoring electromagnetic emanations from devices.
- Solutions like solid aluminum shielding and low-pass-filtering power sources protect sensitive information from leaking during computations.
Design Constraints for Security Processors
- Security processors face balancing security robustness against potential alarm inaccuracies.
- Self-destructive features enhance security but could impair functionality in standard operating environments.
Commercial Security Processors and Their Vulnerabilities
- iButton Projects: Innovative in design and functionality but lack a tamper-sensing barrier.
- Dallas 5002 Attacks: Memory address observation can be exploited; therefore, strong encrypted key protocols are crucial.
- Clipper Chip Vulnerabilities: Enabled lawful decryption of encrypted communications, highlighting trust issues due to the design.
Smartcards and Advanced Attacks
- Smartcards combine microprocessors and memory, facing challenges such as erasure charges in EPROM memory.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in security engineering, focusing on the design and implementation of resilient systems. Key topics include cryptography, software engineering, and the impact of human behavior on security. Test your knowledge of principles that safeguard against attacks and system failures.
