Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the correct declaration for an unsigned short variable?
What is the correct declaration for an unsigned short variable?
- unsigned short usVariable; (correct)
- unsigned shortVariable;
- short usVariable;
- unsigned short usVariable; (correct)
What is the maximum value for a double type variable?
What is the maximum value for a double type variable?
- 3.4 × 10+38
- 3.4 × 10-308
- 1.7 × 10+308 (correct)
- 1.7 × 10+4932
What happens when you divide by zero in a program?
What happens when you divide by zero in a program?
- The program continues running.
- The program will crash. (correct)
- The result is zero.
- An exception is thrown.
What is the result of the expression 'salary * 3' if salary is initialized to 22000?
What is the result of the expression 'salary * 3' if salary is initialized to 22000?
Which of the following operations will return the remainder of integer division?
Which of the following operations will return the remainder of integer division?
What does the variable 'count' become after executing 'count = count + 1;' if it initially equals 0?
What does the variable 'count' become after executing 'count = count + 1;' if it initially equals 0?
What is the precedence of the multiplication operator (*) compared to others?
What is the precedence of the multiplication operator (*) compared to others?
Which statement is true about floating-point representation?
Which statement is true about floating-point representation?
What will happen when you assign a value to a variable that has not been declared?
What will happen when you assign a value to a variable that has not been declared?
In the expression 'float averageSpeed1 = initialSpeed + finalSpeed / 2;', which operation is performed first?
In the expression 'float averageSpeed1 = initialSpeed + finalSpeed / 2;', which operation is performed first?
Which three structural components are typically found in algorithms?
Which three structural components are typically found in algorithms?
What is the term used for a set of instructions that perform a task?
What is the term used for a set of instructions that perform a task?
In the algorithm for calculating employee pay, what happens if the hours worked exceed 37.5 hours?
In the algorithm for calculating employee pay, what happens if the hours worked exceed 37.5 hours?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the stack in a C++ program?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the stack in a C++ program?
What is meant by 'iteration' in the context of algorithms?
What is meant by 'iteration' in the context of algorithms?
What is the size of a standard 'bool' variable in C++?
What is the size of a standard 'bool' variable in C++?
What would be the first step in creating an algorithm for employee pay calculation?
What would be the first step in creating an algorithm for employee pay calculation?
When defining a variable in C++, which of the following is true regarding signed and unsigned integers?
When defining a variable in C++, which of the following is true regarding signed and unsigned integers?
Which of the following options does NOT typically comprise an algorithm?
Which of the following options does NOT typically comprise an algorithm?
What is a key part of running a program after coding the algorithm?
What is a key part of running a program after coding the algorithm?
Which variable type is best suited for storing a single character in C++?
Which variable type is best suited for storing a single character in C++?
If a student records program requires a variable to hold a telephone number, which of the following variable types would be most appropriate?
If a student records program requires a variable to hold a telephone number, which of the following variable types would be most appropriate?
How is overtime pay calculated for hours worked beyond 37.5?
How is overtime pay calculated for hours worked beyond 37.5?
How many bytes does a standard 'long' variable consume in memory in C++?
How many bytes does a standard 'long' variable consume in memory in C++?
In C++, which data type can hold a decimal value?
In C++, which data type can hold a decimal value?
What determines the choice of variable type in C++?
What determines the choice of variable type in C++?
What is the correct value of averageSpeed2 given initialSpeed = 25.0 and finalSpeed = 75.0?
What is the correct value of averageSpeed2 given initialSpeed = 25.0 and finalSpeed = 75.0?
Which operation has the highest precedence in compound arithmetic expressions?
Which operation has the highest precedence in compound arithmetic expressions?
What will be the value of the variable 'sum' after executing int sum = 12.0 if the data type is integer?
What will be the value of the variable 'sum' after executing int sum = 12.0 if the data type is integer?
What is type casting in programming?
What is type casting in programming?
What will be the output of the operation int angle2 = angle1 * 4 if angle1 = 45.0?
What will be the output of the operation int angle2 = angle1 * 4 if angle1 = 45.0?
What does an enum define in programming?
What does an enum define in programming?
How should a string variable be declared correctly in C++?
How should a string variable be declared correctly in C++?
What will happen if you assign int count = 32.0 in C++?
What will happen if you assign int count = 32.0 in C++?
Flashcards
What is a computer program?
What is a computer program?
A sequence of instructions that perform a specific task.
What is an algorithm?
What is an algorithm?
A set of logical instructions that solve a specific problem.
What is sequence in an algorithm?
What is sequence in an algorithm?
A series of steps executed in order, one after another.
What is selection in an algorithm?
What is selection in an algorithm?
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What is iteration in an algorithm?
What is iteration in an algorithm?
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What is coding?
What is coding?
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What is compiling?
What is compiling?
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What happens when we run a program?
What happens when we run a program?
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What is a variable?
What is a variable?
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What is a data type?
What is a data type?
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char (character)
char (character)
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int (integer)
int (integer)
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short (short integer)
short (short integer)
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long (long integer)
long (long integer)
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bool (Boolean)
bool (Boolean)
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Signed vs. Unsigned
Signed vs. Unsigned
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String
String
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Boolean
Boolean
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Declare a variable
Declare a variable
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Assign a value to a variable
Assign a value to a variable
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Increment operator (++)
Increment operator (++)
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Decrement operator (--)
Decrement operator (--)
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Operator precedence
Operator precedence
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Integer
Integer
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Float
Float
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Modulus operator (%)
Modulus operator (%)
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Compound arithmetic expressions
Compound arithmetic expressions
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Type coercion
Type coercion
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Type casting
Type casting
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Enums
Enums
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C++ input/output library (iostream)
C++ input/output library (iostream)
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C++ string library
C++ string library
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Study Notes
Secure Coding - Lecture 02: Variables and Operators
- Programming Fundamentals:
- A computer program is a sequence of instructions that performs a task.
- Sets of instructions are called algorithms.
- Algorithms are typically made up of three structural components:
- Sequence: Step 1 happens before step 2, which happens before step 3.
- Selection: A choice has to be made between two or more options, leading to branches in the algorithm.
- Iteration: Repeating an instruction or a sequence of instructions; can stop after a set number or condition is met.
- These components can be combined to solve complex problems.
- Example algorithm design: A company calculating employee pay based on hourly rates and overtime.
What Happens When a Program Runs?
- The compiled program is loaded into computer memory (RAM).
- The code executes using the fetch-execute cycle in the CPU.
- The heap memory holds program-managed memory.
- The stack memory handles OS-managed memory, growing and shrinking as the program runs.
What Are Variables?
- Variables are used to store data in computer memory.
- Variables are given names referencing values in memory.
- In C++, all variables have a type, a critical concept that determines what kind of data the variable can hold.
- Different types enable different operations on data.
- Common data types, such as integers, real numbers, characters, and logical values.
- Example variables for a student record program: student number, first name, last name, telephone number, course, year one grade.
Integral Number Types
- Integers are whole numbers without decimal places.
- C++ includes different integer types (char, int, short, long, bool).
- Each type uses a specific amount of computer memory and has a particular range.
- Examples of integer types' sizes and ranges are presented in a table.
- Variables must be declared before use. (e.g.,
int age;)
Floating Point Number Types
- Floating-point numbers are real numbers with decimal places.
- C++ includes types for storing these values (float, double, long double).
- These types have specific memory allocation and ranges of values.
- The values are approximations in the computer system.
Operators
- Assignment Operator (=): Assigns a value to a variable.
- *Arithmetic Operators (+, -, , /, %): Used for calculations. Note the different behaviour of integer division versus floating point division.
- Unary Operators (+, -): Set a variable's sign to positive or negative.
- Example of calculation is shown.
- Division and Modulus: The behaviour of division and modulus depends on the type of the variables involved. There are examples related to division and modulo.
- Increment and Decrement Operators (++ and --): Add or subtract one from a variable.
- These are either written after or before the variable name.
- Compound arithmetic expressions: Perform more than one operation in a single line. Operators have specific precedence rules.
Type Coercion and Type Casting
- Types have limitations in how they hold data; mixing types requires caution
- The compiler does automatic type conversion that might not be obvious.
- Example given in the slides
- Type casting allows explicit type conversion, and the notes recommend care with type casting.
Enumerated Types (Enums)
- Enums are used for defining named constants related to choices from a set of possible values.
- Example is given of defining traffic lights.
Strings
- Strings are sequences of characters representing text
- Example given for incorporating strings into a program
Constants
- Constants are variables whose values cannot be changed after assignment.
- The
constkeyword is used to declare constants; - These are helpful to define constant values like
piandmoduleCredits
Reserved Words
- Reserved words are keywords with predefined meanings in C++.
- Variable names cannot be the same as reserved words.
- The complete list of reserved words in the presentation is included.
Overview - Review
- Variables: are data stored in the computer's memory (RAM).
- Data Types: Every variable requires a specific type to store the correct kind of data correctly.
- Common Types: C++ has different data types (integers, floating-point numbers, characters, booleans, strings).
- Next Lecture: The next lecture will be on selection.
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Description
This quiz covers the essentials of programming fundamentals, including the structure of algorithms and how programs run in a computer system. You'll explore the components of algorithms—sequence, selection, and iteration—as well as the logistics of program execution in memory. Test your knowledge on these foundational concepts in programming.
