352CIS-3 Chapter 6

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Questions and Answers

What is the main benefit of using isolation in systems?

  • To prevent unauthorized data access
  • To eliminate the need for user authentication
  • To contain faults within compromised components (correct)
  • To allow free interaction between components

How does encapsulation contribute to security in programming?

  • By enforcing uniform interface methods across the system
  • By allowing internal structure changes without affecting other parts (correct)
  • By merging data and operations into one entity
  • By making data accessible to all system parts

What does the principle of modularity aim to achieve in software design?

  • To centralize all code in a single module
  • To enable independent development of separate modules (correct)
  • To create tightly coupled components for efficiency
  • To restrict access to the entire system

What does simplicity of design focus on in secure systems?

<p>Minimizing the number of mechanisms in operation (B)</p>
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What does the open design principle promote?

<p>Allowing external scrutiny of design and code (A)</p>
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Which principle would best prevent a single individual from abusing system privileges?

<p>Separation of Duties (B)</p>
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What is NOT a goal of the encapsulation principle?

<p>To expose the internal state of an object (B)</p>
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In which way does isolation provide a security advantage?

<p>It prevents the spread of security breaches between components (D)</p>
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Which of the following is a characteristic of simplicity of design?

<p>Design principles eliminating redundancy (D)</p>
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How can modularity enhance security in systems?

<p>By allowing isolated testing and development of components (A)</p>
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What is the primary challenge involved in balancing security and usability in IT?

<p>Determining the fine line between security and usability. (B)</p>
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Why might users disable or avoid using two-factor authentication (2FA)?

<p>The implementation is too complicated and inflexible. (A)</p>
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What defines a trust relationship in IT?

<p>A secured communication channel allowing authentication and authorization. (A)</p>
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What is one benefit of establishing a trust relationship between domains?

<p>It allows user accounts to be used across different domains. (C)</p>
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What is the main benefit of ensuring a system provides depth in defense?

<p>It requires attackers to overcome multiple security layers. (B)</p>
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How does poor usability impact a security system?

<p>It may cause users to bypass security measures. (D)</p>
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What is meant by 'Fail-Safe Defaults' in system design?

<p>The system's default state is secure, denying access automatically. (D)</p>
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What constitutes a secure user-device interaction?

<p>A trust relationship between systems. (A)</p>
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How does the principle of 'Least Astonishment' contribute to system security?

<p>By making the system's response consistent and predictable. (A)</p>
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Which factor is critical in the design of effective security measures?

<p>A balanced integration of security and usability. (D)</p>
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What is an example of a poor design choice in security systems?

<p>Making authentication steps too burdensome. (D)</p>
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What does minimizing the 'Trust Surface' in an IT ecosystem achieve?

<p>It facilitates easier risk assessment and enhances security posture. (A)</p>
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What role does simplicity play in secure system design?

<p>It enhances user understanding and compliance. (A)</p>
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What is the main focus of secure design principles?

<p>To ensure systems are free from vulnerabilities. (B)</p>
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Why is usability an essential aspect of secure design?

<p>It ensures people can safely use systems without confusion. (C)</p>
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Which aspect is often overlooked in security system designs?

<p>The balance between security features and usability. (C)</p>
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Which of the following best describes 'Encapsulation' in system design?

<p>Hiding the inner workings of a system from users. (D)</p>
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What does the principle of 'Open Design' advocate in system architecture?

<p>Making every aspect of the system transparent for user understanding. (B)</p>
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How does 'Simplicity of Design' contribute to security?

<p>By minimizing potential vulnerabilities and enhancing understandability. (C)</p>
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What is a core benefit of modularity in system design?

<p>It allows for easier identification and isolation of vulnerabilities. (B)</p>
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What is the primary benefit of modular design in software applications?

<p>It allows for independent updates and secure patching of modules. (A)</p>
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How does the principle of 'Simplicity of Design' affect security?

<p>By ensuring that complex mechanisms do not create vulnerabilities. (D)</p>
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Complete mediation ensures what in a security system?

<p>That all accesses to resources are authenticated and authorized. (B)</p>
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What advantage does 'Minimization of Implementation' offer?

<p>It reduces the chance of a security breach affecting all users. (A)</p>
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In the context of layering and defense-in-depth, what is a key feature?

<p>Multiple security measures provide coverage even if one layer falls. (D)</p>
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What is a potential drawback of complex system designs?

<p>They can increase the chances of introducing errors and vulnerabilities. (B)</p>
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Which of the following best describes 'Encapsulation' in a software context?

<p>Hiding the implementation details and exposing only the necessary components. (A)</p>
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Which principle helps to ensure that individual modules in a software application can be updated without affecting others?

<p>Modularity. (C)</p>
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Why is testing important in the context of simplicity of design?

<p>A simpler system design is easier to test and reduce potential vulnerabilities. (D)</p>
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Separation of Duties allows a single user to have multiple privileges to effectively manage the system.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Layering and Defense-in-Depth is a strategy that strengthens security by using multiple layers of defenses.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Fail Safe Defaults means that the system will grant maximum privileges to users by default.

<p>False (B)</p>
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The principle of Least Astonishment dictates that a system's behaviour should not surprise the users.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Minimizing the Trust Surface involves increasing the number of areas where trust is required in a system.

<p>False (B)</p>
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In Layering and Defense-in-Depth, if one layer is compromised, the next layer will provide ongoing protection.

<p>True (A)</p>
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The principle of Fail Secure ensures that a system continues to operate even during a failure.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Least Astonishment is primarily concerned with user experience and not with security.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Separation of Duties can help prevent fraud by dividing tasks among different individuals.

<p>True (A)</p>
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A smaller Trust Surface generally results in a more susceptible system to attacks.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Layering and defense-in-depth allows attackers to compromise a system without overcoming multiple barriers.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Fail-Safe Defaults require that systems grant access by default unless explicitly denied.

<p>False (B)</p>
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The principle of Least Astonishment aims to create unpredictable user interactions with a system.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Minimizing the Trust Surface increases the number of components that need to be trusted, thereby enhancing security.

<p>False (B)</p>
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The concept of Fail Secure ensures that a system exposes resources to unauthorized users during a failure.

<p>False (B)</p>
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A system following Secure Design principles is likely to demonstrate a commitment to minimizing vulnerabilities.

<p>True (A)</p>
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In the context of usability, systems should be designed in a complex manner to prevent user misunderstanding.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Defensive measures such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems contribute to the depth of defense in security.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Fail-Safe Defaults are not important because systems can recover from unauthorized access automatically.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Reducing the Trust Surface can lead to a more manageable security architecture by minimizing potential vulnerabilities.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Separation of Duties is not a principle that enhances security by dividing tasks among multiple users.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Layering and Defense-in-Depth ensures that if one layer of security is compromised, other layers provide additional protection.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Fail Safe Defaults refers to setting security measures that deny access unless explicitly granted.

<p>True (A)</p>
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The Least Astonishment principle suggests that systems should operate in unpredictable ways to enhance security.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Minimizing the Trust Surface in a system reduces the number of points that can be attacked, thereby enhancing security.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Fail Secure ensures that if a system encounters an error, it operates in a secure mode limiting access.

<p>True (A)</p>
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The defense-in-depth strategy incorporates multiple security layers to counteract physical attacks only.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Separation of Duties does not typically reduce the risk of insider threats.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Layering security measures creates redundancy, making a system more robust against breaches.

<p>True (A)</p>
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The primary aim of Fail Safe Defaults is to allow maximum access to users unless restrictions are applied.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Separation of duties is an essential principle in IT security that prevents one individual from having too much control over any single action.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Layering and defense-in-depth strategies aim to rely solely on a single security measure to protect sensitive information.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Fail safe defaults ensure that a system operates in a secure manner by default when a failure occurs.

<p>True (A)</p>
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The principle of least astonishment dictates that system behavior should be surprising to users in order to improve security.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Minimizing the trust surface in an IT ecosystem involves reducing the number of trusted interactions to improve security.

<p>True (A)</p>
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A failed authentication process in a secure system should automatically grant access to users based on their previous successful logins.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Fail secure systems prioritize preserving functionality over security when a failure occurs.

<p>False (B)</p>
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The principle of least astonishment is disrupted when users encounter unexpected behaviors in a system, thereby increasing security risks.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Effective separation of duties can lead to a lack of accountability in IT security processes.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Flashcards

Benefit of Multiple Defense Layers

Adding multiple layers of security (firewalls, intrusion detection, anti-malware) makes it harder for attackers to penetrate a system.

Fail-Safe Defaults

Systems should be secure by default; access should be denied unless explicitly allowed.

Least Astonishment

Systems should behave predictably, ensuring users don't accidentally compromise security.

Minimize Trust Surface

Reduce the number of components and interactions a system trusts to lower attack opportunities.

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Trust Surface

The collection of components, systems, data, and interactions a system trusts. A smaller trust surface means less that needs protection.

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Secure Design

Building security into software/hardware from the start, focusing on prevention through testing and best practices.

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Usability in Security

Designing systems to be easy to use and less prone to human error, enhancing security.

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Security vs. Usability

Finding the right balance between strong security measures and easy-to-use systems is crucial for IT security.

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2-Factor Authentication (2FA)

A security measure requiring two forms of verification for access, enhancing security.

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Trust Relationship (IT)

A secure connection between systems, enabling verification and authorization for users and resources.

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User Benefit

User experience of completing tasks easier and more efficiently.

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Plug-in Architectures

Modular systems where modules/plugins can be added or updated independently.

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Simplicity of Design

Systems should be as simple and small as possible to reduce security flaws.

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Minimization of Implementation

Limit shared functions/mechanisms to reduce impact of breaches on users.

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Open Design

Security shouldn't rely on secret designs; designs and mechanisms should be testable and transparent.

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Complete Mediation

All resource accesses must be checked for permissions every time.

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Layering and Defense-in-Depth

Multiple overlapping security layers for protection even if one layer fails.

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Separation of Duties (SOD)

No single user/role has the privileges to compromise the entire system on their own.

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Isolation

System components are separated to contain security breaches within a specific part.

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Encapsulation

Objects hide their internal data and operations, exposing only necessary interfaces.

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Modularity

Software is divided into independent yet cohesive modules, each performing a specific function.

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Economy of mechanism

Designing a system with the least number of components possible.

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Minimization of Implementation

Employing the least possible mechanisms to achieve a given function, thereby reducing implementation risks.

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Open Design

Making the system's design and architecture publicly available for scrutiny, ideally to expose potential weaknesses.

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Complete Mediation

Every access attempt to system resources must be checked for authorization.

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Layering and Defense in Depth

Implementing multiple layers of security controls to protect against various attack vectors.

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Fail-Safe Defaults

System defaults should be secure.

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Fail-Secure

When an error or security issue occurs, the system should be prevented from escalating privileges or allowing unintended consequences by reverting to a secure state.

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Separation of Duties

No single user/role has enough privilege to compromise a system on their own.

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Isolation

System components are separated to contain security breaches within a specific part.

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Encapsulation

Objects hide internal data and operations, exposing only necessary interfaces.

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Modularity

Software is divided into independent modules to handle specific functions.

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Simplicity of Design

Systems should be as small and simple as possible to reduce vulnerabilities.

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Minimization of Implementation

Use limited mechanisms to achieve functions to reduce failure risk.

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Open Design

Security shouldn't depend on secret designs; designs are testable and transparent.

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Complete Mediation

Every system resource access needs permission check.

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Layering and Defense-in-Depth

Multiple overlapping security layers for added protection.

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Multiple Defense Layers

Adding layers of security (firewalls, intrusion detection, anti-malware) makes a system harder to break into.

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Fail-Safe Defaults

Systems should be secure by default, denying access unless explicitly allowed.

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Least Astonishment

Systems should act predictably to avoid user mistakes or errors causing security breaches.

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Minimize Trust Surface

Reduce the parts of a system that need trust for security.

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Trust Surface

The components, data, and interactions a system relies on that need to be trustworthy.

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Plug-in Architectures

Modular systems where individual modules or plugins can be added or updated independently.

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Simplicity of Design

Systems should be as simple and small as possible to minimize security flaws.

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Security Design

Building security directly into systems and software from the start.

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Usability in Security

Designing systems that are easy to use, reducing human errors leading to safety issues.

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Minimization of Implementation

Limit shared functions/mechanisms to reduce the impact of a breach and enhance security.

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Open Design

Security should not rely on secret designs. Designs and mechanisms should be transparent and testable.

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Complete Mediation

Every access attempt to system resources must be checked for authorization.

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Layering and Defense-in-Depth

Implementing multiple overlapping security layers to protect against varied attack vectors.

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Benefit of Usability

Users can complete tasks easily and efficiently.

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Security vs Usability

Balancing strong security with ease of use for IT systems.

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2FA

Two-factor authentication; requires two verification steps.

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Trust Relationship (IT)

Secure connection between systems for authentication & user access to resources between them.

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Study Notes

Secure-by-Design Principles

  • Secure-by-design principles provide a framework for creating secure systems.
  • These guidelines help designers and developers consider security throughout the design process.
  • Creating systems that protect against attacks is the objective.

Agenda

  • Fundamentals and Importance of Secure Design for Programs and Systems
  • Separation of Duties
  • Isolation
  • Encapsulation
  • Modularity
  • Simplicity of Design (Economy of mechanism)
  • Minimization of Implementation (Least common mechanism)
  • Open Design
  • Complete Mediation
  • Layering and Defense-in-Depth
  • Fail Safe Defaults and Fail Secure
  • Least Astonishment
  • Minimize Trust Surface
  • Secure Design and Usability
  • Trust Relationships

Fundamental Security Design Principles

  • These guidelines provide a framework for secure systems.

Separation of Duties

  • No user should have enough privileges to misuse the system.
  • SOD makes unauthorized system access, modification, or deletion more difficult.
  • It prevents both internal and external abuses.
  • Breaking down tasks into steps and assigning them to multiple people is one approach.

Isolation

  • Components of a system remain separate, interacting only through defined methods.
  • Isolation prevents security breaches in one component from spreading.
  • Virtual machines on the same physical host are an example.

Encapsulation

  • Objects encapsulate data and operations. This hides internal state via interfaces.
  • Encapsulation's benefit is the ability to change internal structure without affecting other parts.
  • An object's data isn't directly accessible; methods act as access points.

Modularity

  • Software is divided into separate modules developed independently but operate cohesively.
  • Modularity improves maintainability, comprehensibility, and enables secure updates.
  • Independent development and securing of each module is useful.

Simplicity of Design

  • Systems should be as simple and small as possible.
  • Fewer security flaws are a result of simplicity.
  • Easier to test and verify security properties in simple systems.
  • Fewer lines of code and complex protocols are better.

Minimization of Implementation

  • Sharing of functions/mechanisms is minimized and shared among different users.
  • Mutual security is enabled.
  • Reduces the likelihood of a breach affecting all users.
  • Individual user sessions, not shared ones, are better.

Open Design

  • A system's security should not rely on the secrecy of its design or implementation.
  • Design should be testable and transparent.
  • Widespread expert review can lead to flaw identification and correction.
  • Open standards like AES or TLS are examples; encryption algorithms are typically open for public review, but not keys.

Complete Mediation

  • Every access to a system's resources must be checked for authority.
  • All actions need security enforcement every time.
  • Prevents unauthorized access, leaving no vulnerabilities.
  • File systems checking permissions every time a file is accessed is an example.

Layering and Defense-in-Depth

  • Security is implemented in overlapping layers.
  • Defense-in-depth protects even when a single layer fails.
  • Networks with firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and anti-malware technologies are examples.

Fail-Safe Defaults

  • The default system state is secure in the event of failure.
  • Access is denied by default; explicit permission is needed.
  • Protects against accidental exposure of resources to unauthorized users.
  • Firewalls are one example: blocking all traffic by default, allowing only what's explicitly allowed.

Least Astonishment

  • Users must not be surprised by system behavior.
  • User actions' system responses need to be consistent and predictable.
  • Predictable systems are less vulnerable to misuse (both intentional and accidental).
  • User interface consistency is key.

Minimize Trust Surface

  • The "attack surface" in cybersecurity is reduced by minimizing trust surface.
  • It represents the volume of trusted components, systems, data, and interactions within an IT ecosystem.
  • Every component of a system should be vetted for its trust.
  • Reduces potential areas for attackers.
  • Fewer open ports in a firewall helps to minimize trust surface.

Secure Design and Usability

  • Security by design is a method of creating software systems with no vulnerabilities.
  • Continuous testing, authentication safeguards, and best practices are part of this.
  • Maintaining customer trust requires demonstration of processes focusing on protecting the delivery of their products
  • Designing systems that are easy for people to use and understand, allowing use safely.
  • Users can achieve tasks readily and efficiently.

Balancing Security and Usability

  • Determining the balance between security and usability is crucial.
  • Security and usability are often at odds, so a balance between them is key.
  • The design needs to prevent vulnerabilities while being easy for users to understand and use.

Trust Relationships

  • Secure communication channels between domains, systems, or entities are trust relationships.
  • Authentication and authorization of users and resources between domains are facilitated.
  • Use in partner-vendor relationships, and for user-device interaction are trust relationships.
  • Enables global groups and user accounts between domains.

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