Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which concept is demonstrated by the discovery of a black swan, which contradicts the statement that 'all swans are white'?
Which concept is demonstrated by the discovery of a black swan, which contradicts the statement that 'all swans are white'?
- Falsifiability (correct)
- Paradigm shift
- Truth without certainty
- Uniformitarianism
How does the principle of uniformitarianism relate to the study of fossils and rock formations?
How does the principle of uniformitarianism relate to the study of fossils and rock formations?
- It disregards current biological processes when interpreting past events.
- It explains rock formations and fossils based on modern erosion and sedimentation processes. (correct)
- It suggests that past geological processes were drastically different from those occurring today.
- It focuses solely on catastrophic events to explain geological changes.
Why does science build 'well-supported theories' rather than 'proving' things in an absolute sense?
Why does science build 'well-supported theories' rather than 'proving' things in an absolute sense?
- Scientific knowledge is subject to revision with new evidence. (correct)
- Scientists prefer uncertainty over definitive answers.
- Scientific theories are based on opinion rather than evidence.
- Absolute proof is easily attainable with minimal research.
What is a 'paradigm shift' in the context of scientific theories?
What is a 'paradigm shift' in the context of scientific theories?
Which transition exemplifies a paradigm shift in the field of astronomy?
Which transition exemplifies a paradigm shift in the field of astronomy?
In the Bohr model, what determines the energy levels of electron orbitals?
In the Bohr model, what determines the energy levels of electron orbitals?
According to the information provided, which characteristic is associated with dinosaurs classified as 'Saurischia'?
According to the information provided, which characteristic is associated with dinosaurs classified as 'Saurischia'?
Which dinosaur group includes well-known species such as Stegosaurus and Ankylosaurus?
Which dinosaur group includes well-known species such as Stegosaurus and Ankylosaurus?
Which statement accurately contrasts a scientific hypothesis and a scientific law?
Which statement accurately contrasts a scientific hypothesis and a scientific law?
How did the mesotarsal ankle joint contribute to the evolutionary success of dinosaurs?
How did the mesotarsal ankle joint contribute to the evolutionary success of dinosaurs?
Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the pelvic bones from top to bottom and back to front?
Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the pelvic bones from top to bottom and back to front?
If a strong wind is blowing directly south in the Northern Hemisphere, which direction will it appear to deflect due to the Coriolis effect?
If a strong wind is blowing directly south in the Northern Hemisphere, which direction will it appear to deflect due to the Coriolis effect?
What is the primary cause of the rain shadow effect observed on the leeward side of mountain ranges?
What is the primary cause of the rain shadow effect observed on the leeward side of mountain ranges?
How did the vast size of Pangea contribute to the formation of megamonsoons during the Triassic and Jurassic periods?
How did the vast size of Pangea contribute to the formation of megamonsoons during the Triassic and Jurassic periods?
How did the avian respiratory system benefit theropod dinosaurs?
How did the avian respiratory system benefit theropod dinosaurs?
A smaller dinosaur is likely to have a proportionally _______ metabolism compared to a larger dinosaur and why?
A smaller dinosaur is likely to have a proportionally _______ metabolism compared to a larger dinosaur and why?
Flashcards
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
A tentative explanation for natural phenomena; an educated guess.
Law
Law
A statement describing the relationship between two or more phenomena.
Clades
Clades
Evolutionary groupings that include an ancestor and all its descendants.
Crurotarsal ankle joint
Crurotarsal ankle joint
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Mesotarsal ankle joint
Mesotarsal ankle joint
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Ilium
Ilium
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Megamonsoons
Megamonsoons
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Scaling laws
Scaling laws
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Gigantotherms
Gigantotherms
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Falsifiability
Falsifiability
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Uniformitarianism
Uniformitarianism
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Proof vs. Truth
Proof vs. Truth
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Paradigm Shift
Paradigm Shift
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Bohr Model
Bohr Model
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Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics
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Saurischia
Saurischia
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Study Notes
Exam 1 Study Guide
- Theory: A universal explanation for a wide range of phenomena
- Hypothesis: A tentative explanation for natural phenomena (an educated guess)
- Fact: A phenomenon that has actual, objective existence independent of human perceptions or agreed-upon interpretations of observations
- Law: A statement describing the relationship between two or more phenomena
- Model: A representation of a real-world phenomenon, emphasizing a specific aspect
- Proof: In science, results either support or do not support a hypothesis. Alternative explanations consistent with data are always possible.
- Falsifiability: An idea is considered scientific if there's a possible scenario that could disprove it
- Uniformitarianism: "The present is the key to the past." Processes operating today also operated in the past.
- Catastrophism: The hypothesis that Earth's geological features formed through sudden, short, violent events
- Truth without certainty: Science provides the best explanations based on evidence, but these explanations may be revised.
- Paradigm shift: A fundamental change in scientific understanding (e.g., geocentrism to heliocentrism).
- Null hypothesis: A default assumption that there is no effect or difference. Used in hypothesis testing.
- Traditional classification: Groups organisms based on shared characteristics without necessarily considering evolutionary history.
Phylogenetic Systematics
- Grades: Groupings based on overall similarity, not strict evolutionary relationships
- Clades: Evolutionary groupings including an ancestor and all its descendants
- Monophyletic: A group including an ancestor and all its descendants
- Polyphyletic: A group not including the most recent common ancestor
- Paraphyletic: A group including a common ancestor but not all its descendants
- Ancestral characteristic: Inherited from a common ancestor
- Apomorphy: A derived characteristic evolving within a particular group
- Synapomorphy: A shared derived characteristic indicating a common ancestor
- Plesiomorphy: A retained ancestral characteristic in some descendants
- Convergent characteristic: A trait evolving independently in unrelated lineages due to similar environmental pressures
Additional Dinosaur Information
- Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous: Periods of the Mesozoic Era ("Age of Dinosaurs")
- Pangea: A supercontinent that existed during the early Mesozoic
- Permian extinction: The largest mass extinction event, paving the way for dinosaurs
- Triassic Extinction: A mass extinction event that led to dinosaurs' dominance
- Hot Spots: Areas of volcanic activity independent of plate boundaries
- Plantigrade: Walking on the entire foot (e.g. humans, bears)
- Digitigrade: Walking on toes, heels off the ground (e.g. dogs, dinosaurs)
- Unguligrade: Walking on the tips of the toes (e.g. horses)
- Ilium, Ischium, Pubis: The three major bones of the pelvis in vertebrates, including dinosaurs
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Description
Key concepts in scientific study include theory, hypothesis, fact, law, and model. Scientific ideas are assessed based on falsifiability. Principles such as uniformitarianism and catastrophism influence geological interpretations.
