Scientific Notation and Properties of Light

Scientific Notation

• Convert numbers between scientific notation and expanded form
• Example conversions provided:
  • 20,670,000 = 2.067 x 10⁷
  • 2.067 x 10⁷ = 20,670,000
  • 5.72 x 10⁵ = 572,000
  • 572,000 = 5.72 x 10⁵
  • 0.0000587 = 5.87 x 10^-5
  • 5.87 x 10^-5 = 0.0000587
  • 1.34 x 10^-4 = 0.000134
  • 0.000143 = 1.43 x 10^-4
  • 0.0305 = 3.05 x 10^-2
  • 3.05 x 10^-2 = 0.0305
  • 7.18 x 10^-6 = 0.00000718
  • 0.00000718 = 7.18 x 10^-6
  • 140,000 = 1.40 x 10⁵
  • 1.40 x 10⁵ = 140,000
  • 6,991.2 = 6.9912 x 10³
  • 6.9912 x 10³ = 6,991.2

Properties of Light

• Speed of light in a vacuum: 3.00 x 10⁸ m/s
• Wave characteristics: Define crest, trough, rest position, wavelength, and amplitude on a wave diagram.
• Interactions with matter: Light can be absorbed, reflected, or refracted when interacting with a surface.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Order of electromagnetic radiation (longest to shortest wavelength): Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, gamma rays

Reflection in Plane Mirrors

• Law of Reflection: The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
• Diagrams required to demonstrate the Law of Reflection.
• Practice measuring angles of incidence and drawing reflected rays.

Reflection in Curved Mirrors

• Image formation in curved mirrors: Use LOST (Location, Orientation, Size, and Type) to describe the images formed in concave and convex mirrors.
• Practice drawing images for various objects placed in front of curved mirrors.
• Calculations of magnification for the images formed by curved mirrors.

Magnification

• Calculation of magnification for different images in curved mirrors.

Refraction & Speed of Light

• Definitions of normal, incident ray, refracted ray, reflected ray, angle of reflection, and angle of refraction.
• Diagrams showing refraction.
• Measuring angles of incidence, reflection, and refraction.
• Refractive index of the second medium in relation to the first.
• The speed of reflected light is equal to the speed of the incident light.
• The speed of refracted light is slower in a denser medium, causing a bending of the ray toward the normal.
• Explain why objects underwater appear closer to the surface: Light bends away from the normal when moving into a less optically dense medium, making objects seem closer than they are.
• Total Internal Reflection: Diagram and explanation of total internal reflection, including the condition when it occurs.
• Snell's Law application for calculating angles of refraction or refractive index.
• Example Calculating the angle of refraction when light travels from water to corn oil at 42 degrees.
• Example Calculating the refractive index of a Moissanite when light is refracted from air to Moissanite at 45 degrees to 15.4 degrees.
• Calculating the speed of light in an unknown substance given the refractive index and the speed.

Human Vision

• Differentiate between nearsightedness and farsightedness:
  • Nearsightedness: Light focuses in front of the retina. Corrected with diverging lenses.
  • Farsightedness: Light focuses behind the retina. Corrected with converging lenses.
• Diagrams explaining the issues in each eye and the appropriate corrective lenses.