Scientific Method Steps and Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the correct order of steps in the scientific method?

  • question, initial observation, test the prediction, prediction
  • initial observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, test the prediction (correct)
  • initial observation, prediction, test the prediction, question
  • prediction, test the prediction, hypothesis, question

Which step in the scientific method best distinguishes it from non-scientific methodologies?

  • formulating a question
  • making observations
  • stating a hypothesis
  • making a testable prediction (correct)

From the hypothesis that a smartphone's battery is low, what is the best prediction?

  • If I take my smartphone to the repair shop, then it will work
  • If I wait a while, then the smartphone will turn on
  • If I try a different smartphone then I will have a working phone
  • If I plug in and charge my smartphone, then it will turn on (correct)

What defines a set of ideas that explains various observations and has been positively tested?

<p>a theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is evolution, based on fossil records, considered a fact?

<p>because anyone can observe changes in fossils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is accurate about evolution through natural selection?

<p>it is the hypothesis that Darwin proposed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is crucial for developing successful hypotheses, predictions, and tests in the scientific method?

<p>creative thinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a key component of making a hypothesis?

<p>it must be testable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a scientific law from a scientific theory?

<p>A law is a simple statement, while a theory explains a phenomenon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a powerful scientific theory?

<p>It can make predictions based on observations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis was rejected after testing the fossil record for transitional species?

<p>The Great Flood theory as an explanation for fossil arrangement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do instruments play in scientific observations?

<p>They help avoid subjective judgments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a common misconception about scientific inquiries?

<p>All scientific decisions are straightforward. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial component of a scientific theory?

<p>It must be able to explain phenomena. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists ensure that their assumptions are validated?

<p>By testing them with rigorous experiments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why analyzing scientific data can be challenging?

<p>It can involve complex statistical methods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reasoning is an example of improper logic in scientific conclusions?

<p>Saying that because some smokers do not get cancer, smoking does not cause it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of liberal arts education is highlighted in its relationship to scientific thinking?

<p>It provides a foundation of knowledge for informed decision-making. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a step in the scientific method?

<p>Accept the hypothesis immediately (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a hypothesis?

<p>A statement that explains an observation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a prediction important in the scientific method?

<p>It allows for a clear test of the hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a testable prediction?

<p>If plants receive more sunlight, then they will grow taller (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should happen if a test of a hypothesis yields opposite results?

<p>The hypothesis should be revised or rejected (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of prior knowledge in forming a hypothesis?

<p>It provides a basis for making reasonable hypotheses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is known for formalizing the testability of hypotheses?

<p>Karl Popper (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example involving a broken window, what assumption does the hypothesis make?

<p>The baseball broke the window (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of revising a hypothesis is important because it allows for what?

<p>Discovery of new information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a student is still sleepy despite sleeping more, what is the next logical step?

<p>Reject the hypothesis and investigate other causes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the scientific method help in understanding natural phenomena?

<p>It provides a systematic approach to inquiry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a scientific theory different from a hypothesis?

<p>A theory is a set of ideas that explains many observations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key element strengthens the process of scientific inquiry?

<p>Formulating testable predictions based on hypotheses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when there is no way to test a hypothesis?

<p>It cannot be considered scientific (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scientific Method Steps

A systematic approach to solving problems using observations, questions, hypotheses, predictions, and testing.

Testable Prediction

A statement that can be proven or disproven through an experiment or observation.

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for an observation that can be tested.

Scientific Theory

An explanation of some aspect of the natural world that has been repeatedly tested and supported by a large body of evidence.

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Evolution (as a Fact)

The observed change in life forms over time, supported by various lines of evidence.

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Natural Selection

A mechanism for evolution where certain traits, aided by environment, become more common in a species over time.

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Smartphone Battery Hypothesis

The hypothesis that a low battery charge is the cause if a mobile phone is not functional.

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Key to Good Hypotheses

A key factor to forming good hypotheses, predictions, and test methods is understanding the relevant area of knowledge.

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Scientific Law

A statement that explains all occurrences of a phenomenon, usually described mathematically, with no known exceptions.

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Theory vs. Law

A theory explains how a phenomenon works, while a law describes what happens. Theories can be modified or replaced, while laws are very stable.

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What makes a theory powerful?

A powerful theory can explain a wide range of phenomena and make testable predictions.

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Testing a hypothesis

Testing a hypothesis involves making predictions based on the hypothesis and then comparing those predictions to observations.

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Transitional species

Fossils that demonstrate evolutionary links between different groups of organisms. They exhibit a blend of traits from both ancestral and descendant species.

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Serendipity in science

Unexpected discoveries or observations that lead to new insights, often resulting from mistakes or accidents.

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Avoiding subjective bias

Using instruments and quantitative measurements to minimize bias in observations and data analysis.

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Statistical analysis

Using statistical methods to analyze data and draw reliable conclusions, minimizing bias and uncertainty.

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What does it mean for something to be scientific?

A scientific idea must make testable predictions, involve properly analyzed data, and be supported by logical reasoning.

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Liberal Arts Education and Society

Liberal arts education provides citizens with broad knowledge to make rational decisions on issues affecting society.

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Scientific Method

A systematic process for investigating phenomena, involving observation, hypothesis formation, prediction, testing, and analysis.

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Prediction

A statement about what will happen if a hypothesis is true, derived directly from the hypothesis.

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Testable Hypothesis

A hypothesis that can be evaluated through experiments or observations, meaning it leads to a testable prediction.

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Why is a hypothesis NOT testable?

If a hypothesis cannot lead to a testable prediction (a 'If...then...' statement), then it is not scientific. This means you cannot conduct an experiment or observation to evaluate the hypothesis.

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Prior Knowledge

Existing knowledge, information, and experiences that influence the development of a hypothesis and the design of a test.

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Accept/Reject Hypothesis

Based on the results of a test, a conclusion is reached on whether to accept or reject the proposed hypothesis.

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Role of Observation in the Scientific Method

Initial observations spark the scientific inquiry process, prompting questions that lead to hypothesis formation and further investigation.

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Importance of Testing

Testing hypotheses through experiments or observations is crucial to determining the validity of scientific claims and advancing understanding.

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Example: Broken Window Hypothesis

A broken window observed, leading to the hypothesis that children playing baseball caused it. This is tested by searching for a baseball, which is found, supporting the hypothesis.

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Example: Sleepy Student Hypothesis

A student's sleepiness prompts an investigation. The hypothesis - lack of sleep - is tested by increasing sleep, but the student remains sleepy, leading to the rejection of the initial hypothesis.

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Example: Coastline Matching Hypothesis

The matching coastlines of continents lead to the hypothesis of a once-joined landmass. This is tested by comparing rocks and fossils, supporting the hypothesis of continental drift.

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Evolutionary Theory

A well-substantiated explanation for the diversity of life on Earth, based on the idea that species change over time through natural selection.

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Study Notes

Scientific Method Steps

  • The correct order of some steps in the scientific method is: initial observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, test the prediction.
  • The key step that distinguishes the scientific method from non-scientific methodologies is making a testable prediction.
  • A good prediction directly follows from a hypothesis. If the hypothesis is true, then [prediction].

Hypothesis, Prediction, and Testing

  • A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation.
  • A prediction is a statement of what will happen if the hypothesis is true (e.g., "If I [action], then [result]").
  • Testing a hypothesis involves conducting experiments or observations to see if the prediction holds true.

Hypothesis vs. Theory vs. Law

  • A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation.
  • A theory is a set of ideas (conceptual model) that explains many observations, involving tested hypotheses.
  • A law is a simple statement explaining a phenomenon, often described mathematically, with no known exceptions.

Evolution as a Scientific Concept

  • Evolution is a fact (observable change in life forms over time).
  • The theory of evolution by natural selection explains how evolution happens, providing testable predictions.

Components of Scientific Method

  • Previous knowledge is vital in formulating hypotheses and tests.
  • Observation is the initial step, followed by developing a question.
  • Hypothesis generates testable predictions.
  • Prediction should logically follow from the hypothesis, allowing for its testing.
  • Testing involves experimentation or observation to examine the prediction.
  • Results (from the test) lead to acceptance, revision, or rejection of the hypothesis.

Scientific Reasoning and Critical Thinking

  • Scientists should be skeptical (the "will to doubt") rather than eager to believe.
  • Science depends on verifiable data and statistical analysis.
  • It's necessary that assumptions in observation and data analysis are objectively assessed and not subjective. Instruments and quantifiable measurements help in this.
  • Theories, like hypotheses, are tested explanations supported by many observations. The strength of a scientific theory lies in its ability to explain a broad range of phenomena and generate testable predictions.
  • The scientific method is not always linear or straightforward; serendipity, mistakes, and prior knowledge play a significant role.

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Description

Test your understanding of the scientific method, including the steps of forming a hypothesis, making predictions, and conducting tests. This quiz also clarifies the differences between a hypothesis, a theory, and a scientific law. Perfect for students interested in scientific processes!

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