Scientific Method Quiz
147 Questions
8 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the independent variable in the experiment regarding the flashlight?

  • The batteries used (correct)
  • The flashlight itself
  • The condition of the bulb
  • The type of batteries

Which of the following statements best defines a positive control?

  • A sample known to contain the variable being tested (correct)
  • A group that does not receive any treatment
  • A variable that is kept constant throughout the experiment
  • A group that is compared with the control group

Which of the following factors is NOT a constant in an experiment evaluating plant growth?

  • Fertilizer concentration (correct)
  • Amount of soil provided
  • Type of plant used
  • Temperature maintained

In the context of the scientific method, what does it mean when a hypothesis is testable?

<p>It can be evaluated through experimentation and observation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of graph should be used to display results when measuring the effect of different amounts of fertilizer on plant growth?

<p>Bar graph (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of decomposers in an ecosystem?

<p>To break down dead organic matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is considered a pioneer in primary ecological succession?

<p>Lichens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is described by the equation $6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$?

<p>Photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

<p>It flows in one direction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a climax community?

<p>It is the final stage of ecological succession (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the energy available in a food chain as one moves up the pyramid?

<p>Available energy decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relationship do fungi have with algae in lichens?

<p>Mutualistic relationship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to soil quality during primary ecological succession?

<p>Soil becomes deeper and richer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes scavengers?

<p>They are detritivores that consume dead material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are top predators typically larger in size within an ecosystem?

<p>Biomass is concentrated in fewer predators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does adding CaCl2 to H2O have on temperature?

<p>Temperature increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of living things?

<p>Requires sunlight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of respiration requires oxygen?

<p>Aerobic respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves organisms making complex molecules from simple molecules?

<p>Synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is not involved in the process of assimilation?

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor that determines the type of plants that will grow in an area?

<p>Amount of sunlight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about predators and prey is accurate?

<p>Predators need to hunt other animals for energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does active transport differ from passive transport?

<p>Requires energy to move materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not considered an abiotic factor in an ecosystem?

<p>Herbivores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cellular respiration in living organisms?

<p>It breaks down glucose to release energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to a protein when it is denatured?

<p>It loses its tertiary structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes hemoglobin?

<p>It has 4 polypeptide chains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond primarily stabilizes the tertiary structure of proteins?

<p>Disulfide bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about lipids is true?

<p>Lipids are large molecules but not considered polymers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does simple diffusion work in the cell membrane?

<p>Allows lipid-soluble substances to passively diffuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of aquaporins in cells?

<p>Allow water to enter through protein channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these shapes describes the structure of DNA?

<p>Double helix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of collagen in the body?

<p>Providing structural support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is accurate regarding saturated and unsaturated fats?

<p>Saturated fats contain the maximum number of hydrogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of the genetic information encoded in DNA?

<p>The order and sequence of base pairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if ice were denser than water?

<p>Lakes would freeze solid, affecting organism survival. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is released when hydrogen bonds are formed?

<p>Thermal energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process requires the addition of water to break apart molecules?

<p>Hydrolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of linkage is found in cellulose?

<p>Beta 1-4 linkage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes glycogen?

<p>Highly branched polymer of glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic makes water an effective universal solvent?

<p>It can ionize to form H+ and OH- ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of water is demonstrated by its high surface tension?

<p>Cohesion between water molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sugars is a disaccharide?

<p>Sucrose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the formation of hydrogen bonds have on the temperature of water?

<p>It prevents rapid temperature changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction joins monomers to form larger molecules?

<p>Dehydration synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct description of an enzyme's active site?

<p>The part of the enzyme that changes shape to fit the substrate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about enzyme inhibitors is true?

<p>Competitive inhibitors can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the primary structure of a protein?

<p>The number and types of amino acids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is likely to denature an enzyme?

<p>Extreme heat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is feedback inhibition primarily used for?

<p>To regulate metabolic pathways. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Protein synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'induced fit' with respect to enzyme function?

<p>The enzyme changes shape to allow binding with the substrate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond is involved in the secondary structure of proteins?

<p>Hydrogen bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glucose in cellular respiration?

<p>It is a source of energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the composition of enzymes?

<p>Enzymes are proteins that can catalyze reactions without being consumed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is spatial partitioning?

<p>Living in different habitats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT commonly studied in population ecology?

<p>Migration patterns of species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes semelparity from iteroparity?

<p>Single reproductive event versus multiple events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of resource is considered non-renewable?

<p>Coal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of habitat fragmentation?

<p>Creates biological islands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes eutrophication?

<p>The buildup of nutrients leading to algal blooms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the greenhouse effect primarily caused by?

<p>Accumulation of greenhouse gases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can overhunting affect ecosystems?

<p>Leads to species extinction and ecological imbalance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant negative consequence of deforestation?

<p>Higher CO2 levels in the atmosphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an invasive species?

<p>Established outside their native range and harm native species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is effective for reducing waste?

<p>Utilizing public transportation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of ocean acidification?

<p>Dissolution of structures made of calcium carbonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of biodiversity?

<p>Helps maintain food chains and valuable resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the liver in glucose metabolism?

<p>To remove excess glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does secretin play in digestion?

<p>Stimulates the pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure primarily absorbs water from undigested materials?

<p>Large intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the involuntary reflex arc related to digestion?

<p>Taste of food in the mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body typically respond to a rise in gastrin levels?

<p>Increase production of gastric acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of CCK (cholecystokinin) in the digestive process?

<p>Stimulates the gallbladder to release bile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis in the body?

<p>Counteracts deviations from a set point (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During digestion, bile is primarily used for which purpose?

<p>To emulsify fat droplets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of salivary amylase in digestion?

<p>Starts the chemical digestion of starches in the mouth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for vomiting during digestion?

<p>To expel irritants or toxins from the stomach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the transformation of nitrogen gas into a usable form for plants?

<p>Nitrogen fixation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of succession occurs in an area where a community has been destroyed by fire?

<p>Secondary succession (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of symbiotic relationship involves one species benefiting while the other is neither helped nor harmed?

<p>Commensalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ATP in cellular processes?

<p>Providing energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is crucial for a species to adapt to its environment?

<p>Specific physical adaptations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor best describes a density-dependent limiting factor?

<p>Predation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biome is characterized by permanently frozen subsoil?

<p>Arctic tundra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plants primarily utilize water in photosynthesis?

<p>As a reactant to produce glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the competitive exclusion principle?

<p>One species will always outcompete another for the same resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phosphates (PO4^3-) in ecosystems?

<p>Building block for nucleic acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation helps cacti minimize water loss?

<p>Thin, spiky leaves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the neritic zone in aquatic ecosystems?

<p>Abundant sunlight and productivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not affect carrying capacity in an ecosystem?

<p>Photosynthesis rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major difference between RNA and DNA?

<p>RNA uses ribose, while DNA uses deoxyribose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is primarily responsible for energy transfer in cells?

<p>ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a eukaryotic cell?

<p>Has membrane-bound organelles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do prokaryotic cells use to reproduce?

<p>Binary fission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

<p>Ribosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main disadvantages of using wind power?

<p>It can be expensive to set up (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lysosomes in a cell?

<p>Digestion of macromolecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?

<p>The cell becomes turgid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do CFCs affect the ozone layer?

<p>They cause thinning of the ozone layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential problem with using genetically modified crops?

<p>They can become invasive species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do cells use to transport substances against a concentration gradient?

<p>Active transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biomagnification?

<p>The process of increasing toxin concentration through a food chain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of aquaporins in a cell membrane?

<p>Allowing water to pass through. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does thermal pollution refer to?

<p>Dumping hot water into waterways (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a hypertonic solution?

<p>Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process allows cells to ingest large particles?

<p>Phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a heterogeneous mixture?

<p>Components can be easily distinguished (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond involves the transfer of electrons?

<p>Ionic bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the contractile vacuole in certain cells?

<p>Regulating osmotic balance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during exocytosis?

<p>Waste products are expelled from the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of an element?

<p>Number of protons in an atom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'keystone species' refer to?

<p>Species with a pivotal ecological role (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a property of water?

<p>It has high specific heat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods effectively controls insect populations without using chemicals?

<p>Releasing native predators of pests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of electrons in an atom?

<p>They contribute to the atomic charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond occurs between the atoms in a water molecule?

<p>Covalent bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of ozone layer thinning?

<p>Increased incidence of skin cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pepsin in the stomach?

<p>Digests proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does bile play in digestion?

<p>Emulsifies fats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation helps cells maintain an effective surface area to volume ratio?

<p>Being flat and long (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

<p>Synthesize proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which process does the epiglottis function to protect the trachea?

<p>Swallowing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis in the digestive system?

<p>Smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in detoxifying poisons in the cell?

<p>Smooth ER (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus within a cell?

<p>Modification and sorting of proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT absorbed in the small intestine?

<p>Undigested food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical pH level in the stomach?

<p>Acidic (pH 2) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is characteristic of mitochondria that distinguishes them from other organelles?

<p>Ability to reproduce by binary fission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells expel their nucleus and organelles to enhance oxygen capacity?

<p>Red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the large intestine?

<p>Absorption of water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure is responsible for digesting old cells or damaged organelles?

<p>Lysosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In gel electrophoresis, what charge do DNA molecules have?

<p>Negative charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced by the gallbladder to aid digestion?

<p>Bile salts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows some human cells to ingest pathogens using lysosomal enzymes?

<p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the activation of pepsinogen in the stomach?

<p>It is cleaved by HCL to form pepsin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property enables the cell membrane to regulate substances entering and exiting the cell?

<p>It is semi-permeable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What machinery is primarily involved in the separation of cell components based on density?

<p>Centrifuge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the length of the paper strip in chromatography affect separation?

<p>Longer strip gives better separation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pancreas?

<p>Secretes insulin and glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of lipids and hormones?

<p>Smooth ER (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these components helps in conducting electricity in the gel electrophoresis process?

<p>Buffer solution ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element do chloroplasts, found in plant cells, primarily facilitate?

<p>Photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chyme?

<p>Nutrient-rich broth from the stomach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts support endosymbiotic theory?

<p>They have two membranes and circular DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of cells having a small surface area to volume ratio?

<p>Slow diffusion rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Independent Variable

The factor that is changed or manipulated in an experiment. It is the variable being tested.

Dependent Variable

The factor that is measured or observed in an experiment. It is the variable that responds to the change in the independent variable.

Negative Control

A group in an experiment that does not receive the independent variable. Used to compare with the experimental group and eliminate false positives.

Positive Control

A group in an experiment that receives a known standard or treatment. Used to verify if the experiment works as expected and eliminate false negatives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Experimental Group

A group in an experiment that receives the independent variable. Used to observe the effect of the variable on the dependent variable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Exothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction that releases heat energy into the surroundings, causing the temperature to rise.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment, despite changes in the external environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nutrition

The process by which organisms take in nutrients from their environment and break them down into usable forms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Excretion

The process of releasing waste products from the body that are toxic or no longer needed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reproduction

The process by which organisms produce offspring to ensure the continuation of their species.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Regulation

A series of coordinated activities that help organisms maintain a stable internal environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autotrophs

Living things that can make their own food using photosynthesis, like plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heterotrophs

Living things that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organisms, like animals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy, and occurs in both plants and animals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Decomposers

Organisms that obtain energy from dead and decaying organic matter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Absorptive heterotrophs

Organisms that break down food by secreting enzymes outside their bodies and then absorbing the digested nutrients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scavengers

Organisms that feed on dead animals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Food Chain

A linear sequence showing the flow of energy from one organism to another.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary consumer

The first level of consumer in a food chain.  They eat producers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary consumer

The second level of consumer in a food chain.  They eat primary consumers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tertiary consumer

The third level of consumer in a food chain.  They eat secondary consumers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Population

A group of organisms of the same species living in a specific area.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Community

All the living organisms in a particular area.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ecosystem

A community of organisms and their non-living environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Temperature

The measure of average kinetic energy of a substance's particles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High Specific Heat

The ability of a substance to resist changes in temperature. Water has a high specific heat due to hydrogen bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cohesion

The attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adhesion

The attraction between water molecules and other surfaces.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capillary Action

The movement of water within the spaces of a porous material due to forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Methane

A molecule composed of one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms (CH4).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between carbon atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkynes

Hydrocarbons containing at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones by adding water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Succession

Communities of organisms develop in a barren environment where no soil existed before, like on a receding glacier or volcanic lava flow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary Succession

Communities of organisms develop in an area where soil already exists but was disturbed, like after a fire or a natural disaster.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pioneer Species

The first species to colonize a barren environment, often hardy and able to tolerate harsh conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ATP

A form of energy that is used by living organisms to perform life processes, like movement, growth, and reproduction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water Cycle

The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Evaporation

The process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Condensation

The process by which water changes from a gas to a liquid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Precipitation

The process by which water falls to the Earth from the atmosphere, usually as rain, snow, or hail.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phosphorus Cycle

The continuous movement of phosphorus through the Earth's lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nitrogen Fixation

The process by which nitrogen gas (N2) in the atmosphere is converted into usable forms by certain bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Commensalism

A relationship between two species where one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biome

A large-scale community of plants and animals shaped by similar climate conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Resource partitioning

The division of resources among species to minimize competition. This can occur in terms of space, food sources, or time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Niche

The specific role an organism plays within its environment, encompassing its interactions with biotic and abiotic factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Population ecology

The study of how populations interact with their environments, including factors like population size, growth, and distribution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dispersion patterns

The pattern of spacing among individuals within a population, influenced by factors like resource availability and social interactions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clumped dispersion

A type of dispersion pattern where individuals are clustered together, often due to abundant resources or social benefits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Uniform dispersion

A type of dispersion pattern where individuals are evenly spaced, often due to intense competition for resources or territoriality.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Random dispersion

A type of dispersion pattern where individuals are randomly distributed, often occurring when resources are evenly distributed and individuals have no strong social interactions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reproductive potential

The maximum potential reproductive rate of a population under ideal conditions, typically measured in terms of the number of offspring produced per unit time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Semelparity

A reproductive strategy where an organism reproduces only once in its lifetime, typically producing a large number of offspring with low individual investment. Examples include salmon and bamboo.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Iteroparity

A reproductive strategy where an organism reproduces multiple times throughout its lifetime, typically producing fewer offspring with higher individual investment. Examples include humans and elephants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Renewable resources

Natural or synthetic resources that can be replenished over time, such as solar energy, wind energy, and timber.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-renewable resources

Natural resources that are formed over millions of years and cannot be replenished at a rate comparable to their consumption, such as fossil fuels and minerals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biodiversity

The variety of life on Earth, encompassing the different species, genes, and ecosystems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eutrophication

The process of excessive nutrient enrichment, often from human activities, leading to algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and ecosystem degradation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Warm Water & Oxygen

Warm water cannot hold as much dissolved oxygen as cold water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wind Energy

A renewable energy source that uses the power of the wind to generate electricity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ozone Layer

A layer of ozone gas (O3) in the Earth's atmosphere that protects life from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

Signup and view all the flashcards

CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)

Chemicals that were once widely used as coolants in refrigerators and propellants in aerosol cans. They are known to damage the ozone layer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biomagnification

The process by which a chemical becomes more concentrated as it moves up through the food chain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Keystone Species

Species that have a disproportionately large impact on their ecosystem, despite their relatively small abundance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sustainable Agriculture

Farming practices that focus on environmental sustainability, resource conservation, and economic viability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Contour Farming

A type of farming that involves planting crops along the contours of the land, reducing soil erosion and runoff.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pollution

The release of harmful substances into the environment, including air, water, and land.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bioremediation

The use of bacteria or other microorganisms to break down toxic waste and clean up contaminated environments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Matter

A substance that has mass and occupies space. It is uniform throughout.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture where the components are evenly distributed, meaning you cannot easily distinguish the individual substances.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Compound

A substance formed when two or more different elements combine chemically.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucose

A type of sugar that is a simple carbohydrate, a monosaccharide, and is the primary source of energy for many living organisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amino Acid

The building block of proteins, consisting of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain (R-group).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inhibitor

A molecule that binds to an enzyme's active site, preventing or slowing down the enzyme's catalytic activity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Active Site

The specific location on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enzyme

A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy. It does not alter the reaction's equilibrium.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Disaccharide

A sugar composed of two monosaccharide units linked together.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Structure

A type of protein structure that refers to the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transcription

The process by which DNA is used to create a complementary mRNA strand.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Disulfide Bond

A strong covalent bond formed between two sulfur atoms in the amino acid cysteine. It plays a crucial role in stabilizing protein structure, particularly in tertiary and quaternary levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Protein Denaturation

The process of altering a protein's shape and function without breaking its primary structure. This can be caused by factors like heat, extreme pH, or chemicals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tertiary Structure of protein

The unique three-dimensional shape of a protein, determined by its amino acid sequence and interactions. This shape dictates the protein's function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Structure of Protein

The sequence of amino acids in a protein chain. It's the building blocks of the protein.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lipid (Triglyceride)

A large, complex molecule composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains. They provide energy storage, insulation, and contribute to cell membrane structure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrophobic

The property of a substance's tendency to repel water molecules. This is common in lipids and the tails of phospholipids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrophilic

The property of a substance's tendency to attract water molecules. This is typical of polar molecules like the head of phospholipids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phospholipid

A type of lipid that makes up cell membranes. They have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails, making them good at forming barriers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A double-stranded helical structure that carries the genetic code for protein synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleotide

A monomer of DNA, composed of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Signup and view all the flashcards

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

A single-stranded molecule of nucleic acid containing uracil instead of thymine, and ribose instead of deoxyribose.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Purines

A nitrogenous base with a double-ring structure found in DNA and RNA; includes guanine and adenine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pyrimidines

A nitrogenous base with a single-ring structure found in DNA and RNA; includes cytosine, uracil, and thymine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cells

The fundamental unit of life. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Theory

The theory stating that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells arise from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleus

The central organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nuclear Membrane

A double membrane composed of lipids that surrounds the nucleus. It contains nuclear pores which allow the entry and exit of large macromolecules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eukaryotic cell

A type of cell that contains membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus with a double membrane. An example is a plant cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prokaryotic cell

A type of cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. It contains circular DNA in a region called the nucleoid. An example is a bacterial cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endomembrane System

A network of membranes within a eukaryotic cell that are related either by direct physical continuity or by transfer of membrane segments in tiny vesicles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles, such as food or bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis where the cell takes in fluids and dissolved molecules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diffusion

The process of moving molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, driven by random motion and requiring no cellular energy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osmosis

A type of passive transport that involves the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SA/V Ratio

The ratio of a cell's surface area to its volume. A larger SA/V ratio is more efficient for nutrient uptake and waste removal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Smooth ER

A type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes. It plays a role in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lysosome

A membrane-bound organelle containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and old organelles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rough ER

A type of endoplasmic reticulum that contains ribosomes. It is involved in protein synthesis and transport.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Golgi Apparatus

A membrane-bound organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport within or out of the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autophagy

The process by which damaged or worn-out organelles are broken down and recycled by lysosomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chloroplast

A membrane-bound organelle containing chlorophyll that performs photosynthesis in plant cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Differential Centrifugation

A technique used to separate organelles based on their density using a centrifuge.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Circular DNA

Circular DNA found in mitochondria and chloroplasts, providing evidence for their endosymbiotic origins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spectrophotometer

A technique used to measure the amount of light that passes through a solution, indicating the concentration of a substance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transmission Electron Microscope

A type of electron microscope that produces 2D images by transmitting electrons through a thin specimen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scanning Electron Microscope

A type of electron microscope that produces 3D images by scanning a beam of electrons across a specimen's surface.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Binary Fission

The process by which mitochondria reproduce by dividing in half, similar to bacterial reproduction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Liver's Role in Glucose Regulation

The liver removes excess glucose from the blood and converts it into glycogen, storing it for later use.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Liver's Protein Synthesis

The liver produces essential proteins, like albumin and fibrinogen, which are crucial for blood clotting and maintaining fluid balance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Liver & Lipoprotein Production

The liver makes lipoproteins, responsible for carrying cholesterol to cells throughout the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acid Reflux

The process where the stomach's contents are pushed back up into the esophagus, causing a burning sensation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stomach Ulcer

A painful sore in the lining of the stomach, often caused by the bacteria H. pylori.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hormone Function

Hormones are chemical messengers released by glands, travelling through the blood to target tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reflex Arc

A rapid and involuntary response to a stimulus, like food, that does not involve thinking.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gastrin's Role in Digestion

The stomach releases gastrin, a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric juices for digestion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secretin's Role in Digestion

The small intestine releases secretin, a hormone signalling the pancreas to produce sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes stomach acid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

CCK's Role in Digestion

The small intestine releases CCK, a hormone that triggers the pancreas and gallbladder to release digestive enzymes and bile, respectively.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Paper Chromatography

The process of separating substances based on their different chemical properties like solubility and affinity for the paper.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gel Electrophoresis

A process using an electric field to separate molecules based on their size and charge. It’s commonly used to analyze DNA fragments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peristalsis

The involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract, starting from the esophagus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pepsin

The enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

The strong acid produced by the stomach that helps denature proteins and kill bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mucus

A thick, protective layer that lines the stomach, preventing damage from the highly acidic environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pepsinogen

The inactive form of pepsin, which is activated by HCl in the stomach.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chyme

The semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Small Intestine

The longest section of the digestive tract, where most digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lipase

A powerful enzyme produced by the pancreas that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Emulsification

The process of breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area for digestion by lipase.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Liver

The organ that produces bile, which is essential for fat digestion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gallbladder

A sac-like organ that stores bile produced by the liver and releases it into the small intestine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lacteals

The part of the lymphatic system that absorbs digested fats from the small intestine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Large Intestine

The final section of the digestive tract where water absorption and waste elimination occur.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Scientific Method

  • Observation: A flashlight doesn't work.
  • Question: Why doesn't the flashlight work?
  • Hypothesis (If IV, then DV): If the batteries are put in the flashlight, then the light will go on.
  • Independent Variable: Batteries
  • Dependent Variable: Whether the light turns on (or light output)
  • Variables affecting plant growth: Sunlight exposure, temperature, water needed, fertilizer
  • Negative control: Does not receive the independent variable, eliminates false positives
  • Positive control: Sample known to contain the substance being tested, eliminates false negatives
  • Control vs. Experimental Groups: All variables (except the independent variable) are the same between the control and experimental groups.
  • Constants: Same type of plant, temperature, water, sunlight, soil amount/type
  • Operational definition: Necessary for the dependent variable to be measurable
  • Hypothesis can be supported or disproven, not proven.

Graphing

  • Line graph: Used for continuous data
  • Bar graph: Used for categorical data

Dissolving CaClâ‚‚

  • Problem: How does dissolving CaClâ‚‚ affect the temperature of water?
  • Hypothesis: If CaClâ‚‚ is added to Hâ‚‚O, then the temperature will increase.
  • Data: Various amounts of CaClâ‚‚ were added to 76 mL of water, and the temperature change was measured. Results showed a temperature increase with added CaClâ‚‚.

Characteristics of Life

  • Living vs. Non-living: Living things exhibit growth, development, homeostasis, nutrition, cellular respiration, transport, synthesis, assimilation, excretion, reproduction, and regulation.
  • Nutrition: Ingestion, digestion, egestion and metabolism (chemical reactions)
  • Autotrophs (Plants): make their own food via photosynthesis
  • Heterotrophs: obtain food from other sources
  • Cellular Respiration: A series of chemical reactions in cells (aerobic or anaerobic)
  • Transport: Materials move across cell membranes; also via circulatory systems

Ecology

  • Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors: Living (plants, animals, microorganisms) versus non-living (soil, water, temperature, sunlight) factors in an ecosystem.
  • Food Chain: Example: Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Hawk
  • Producers: Grass
  • Primary Consumer: Grasshopper
  • Secondary Consumer: Frog
  • Tertiary Consumer: Snake
  • Quaternary Consumer: Hawk
  • Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism (lichen), commensalism (remora), parasitism
  • Ecological Succession: Primary (e.g., lichen → moss → shrubs → trees) and secondary succession
  • Climax community: Stable community reached after succession.

Human Impact

  • Exponential Growth: Population growth where succeeding generations are multiples of previous ones.
  • Carrying Capacity: The maximum population size an environment can support.
  • Ecological Niche: An organism's role in the environment.
  • Density-dependent factors: Limiting factors that depend on population size (e.g., food, predators, disease).
  • Density-independent factors: Limiting factors not dependent on population size (e.g., temperature, natural disasters).

Chemistry

  • Matter: Has mass and takes up space.
  • Homogeneous Mixture: Uniform distribution (e.g., salt water)
  • Heterogeneous Mixture: Non-uniform distribution (e.g., trail mix)
  • Elements: Pure substances composed of only one type of atom.
  • Compounds: Pure substances composed of two or more different elements chemically combined
  • Atoms: Smallest unit of matter indivisible by chemical means.
  • Elements vs Compounds: Elements contain only one type of atom; compounds are made from more than one type of atom.
  • Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons.
  • Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons.
  • Electronegativity: An atom's attraction for electrons in a bond (ex: Fluorine is most electronegative)
  • Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Biochemistry

  • Carbohydrates: Contain C, H, and O; include monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), and polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose).
  • Monosaccharides (simple sugars): Building blocks of carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, galactose).
  • Disaccharides (double sugars): Formed by joining two monosaccharides via a dehydration reaction (removing water).
  • Polysaccharides: Polymers of monosaccharides; used for energy storage and structural support (starch, glycogen, cellulose).
  • Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze biological reactions.
  • Active site (enzyme): Region where substrate binds.
  • Substrate: The substance acted upon by an enzyme.
  • Factors affecting enzyme activity: Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors.
  • Inhibition: Competitive (inhibitor competes with substrate for active site) and non-competitive (inhibitor binds to allosteric site, altering enzyme shape).
  • Feedback inhibition (Regulation): End product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts earlier in the pathway.

Proteins

  • Amino acids: Building blocks of proteins
  • R-groups: Give amino acids unique properties
  • Peptide bonds: Link amino acids together to form proteins
  • Primary structure: Linear sequence of amino acids
  • Secondary structure: Alpha-helices or beta-sheets
  • Tertiary structure: 3D folding of the polypeptide chain
  • Quaternary structure: Multiple polypeptide chains interacting (ex: hemoglobin)

Lipids

  • Lipids: Fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids; not polymers

Nucleic Acids

  • DNA: Double helix, nucleotides, A-T, G-C pairs (deoxyribose)
  • RNA: Single-stranded, uracil instead of thymine (ribose)

Digestion (Human)

  • Mechanical Digestion: Physical breakdown of food (chewing, stomach churning)
  • Chemical Digestion: Chemical breakdown of food using enzymes
  • Enzymes Involved: Amylase (starch), pepsin (protein), lipase (fat).
  • Accessory Organs: Liver, pancreas, gallbladder
  • Hormones in digestion: Gastrin, secretin, CCK
  • Small Intestine: Primary site of nutrient absorption.
  • Large Intestine: Absorbs water.

Cells

  • Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of life.
  • Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable boundary around the cell.
  • Diffusion: Movement of substances from high to low concentration.
  • Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a membrane.
  • Active Transport: Movement of substances from low to high concentration, requiring energy (ATP)
  • Cell Organelles (Eukaryotes): Ribosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts

Tools

  • Microtome: Cuts thin sections of tissue for microscopy.
  • Cryostat: Freezes tissues to cut very thin slices.
  • Centrifuge: Separates substances by density.
  • Electron Microscopes: Uses electrons instead of light for much higher resolution. Scanning (3D) and Transmission (2D).
  • Spectrophotometer: Measures the absorbance or transmittance of light by a substance.
  • Cell Fractionation: Separates cellular components. Differential and density gradient centrifugation.
  • Gel Electrophoresis: Separates DNA/proteins based on size and charge.
  • Paper Chromatography: Separates substances based on their solubility and affinity for a medium (like paper).

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Test your understanding of the scientific method with this quiz that covers topics such as independent and dependent variables, controls, constants, and data representation. Each question aims to reinforce key concepts necessary for conducting experiments effectively.

More Like This

Scientific Method Quiz
24 questions

Scientific Method Quiz

HottestGardenia avatar
HottestGardenia
Scientific Method and Experimentation
16 questions

Scientific Method and Experimentation

OutstandingBinomial avatar
OutstandingBinomial
Scientific Questions and Experiments Overview
20 questions

Scientific Questions and Experiments Overview

AccomplishedBixbite avatar
AccomplishedBixbite
Scientific Questions and Experiments
15 questions

Scientific Questions and Experiments

AccomplishedBixbite avatar
AccomplishedBixbite
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser