Scientific Method - Ch 1
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Scientific Method - Ch 1

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Questions and Answers

Which trophic level consists of top predators in a food chain?

  • Tertiary consumers (correct)
  • Secondary consumers
  • Producers
  • Primary consumers

    • What percentage of energy is typically passed on to the next trophic level?

  • 90%
  • 10% (correct)
  • 50%
  • 1%

    • Which of the following describes a situation where one species benefits while the other is unaffected?

  • Mutualism
  • Predation
  • Commensalism (correct)
  • Parasitism

    • Which population growth model displays a rapid increase when resources are abundant?

    <p>Exponential growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support called?

    <p>Carrying capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of factors are competition and disease classified as?

    <p>Density-dependent factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method is best suited for estimating the population size of mobile organisms?

    <p>Mark and Recapture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of logistic growth?

    <p>Displays a J-shaped curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an isotonic solution in relation to cells?

    <p>To maintain cell shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is used by white blood cells to engulf pathogens?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Aerobic respiration produces more ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP produced?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes photosynthesis?

    <p>It converts light energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells?

    <p>Lactic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding ATP?

    <p>ATP converts to ADP when energy is released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents aerobic respiration?

    <p>C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

    <p>To lower activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the sodium-potassium pump's mechanism?

    <p>Active transport of sodium out and potassium into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do small cells have a higher efficiency in diffusion?

    <p>They have a greater surface area to volume ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis primarily produce?

    <p>NADPH and ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about catabolism is true?

    <p>It breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle?

    <p>ATP is produced along with electron carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reliability in an experiment refer to?

    <p>The consistency of results when an experiment is repeated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the scientific method, which of the following best defines validity?

    <p>The extent to which an experiment measures what it is supposed to measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an independent variable in an experimental setup?

    <p>A variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a controlled variable?

    <p>The temperature at which the experiment is conducted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of species diversity?

    <p>The variety of different animal species in a forest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dependent variable?

    <p>A variable that is measured and affected by the independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best illustrates genetic diversity?

    <p>A population of fish differing in coloration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What format is commonly used to express a hypothesis?

    <p>If this happens, then that will occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

    <p>Photosynthesis to convert solar energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse of the cell'?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

    <p>Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct formula for cellular respiration?

    <p>Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the plasma membrane allows for the selective transport of specific molecules?

    <p>Channel proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

    <p>Rough ER is studded with ribosomes, while smooth ER is not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein in the plasma membrane is responsible for receiving chemical signals?

    <p>Receptor proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the movement of substances across the plasma membrane without the use of energy?

    <p>Passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a single circulatory system?

    <p>Blood flows through the heart once per circuit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is characterized by blood flowing freely through body cavities?

    <p>Open circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of the open circulatory system?

    <p>Less efficient nutrient transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a closed circulatory system?

    <p>Snails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do guard cells regulate in vascular plants?

    <p>Gas exchange and water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is responsible for transporting water and minerals in vascular plants?

    <p>Xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fish, what system maximizes oxygen uptake during gas exchange?

    <p>Counter-current exchange system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of phloem in vascular plants?

    <p>Transports sugars to various parts of the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Scientific Method - Ch 1

    • Accuracy measures how close experimental results are to the true value. Correct thermometer calibration is essential for accurate temperature readings.
    • Reliability ensures consistent results when repeating an experiment. Similar results upon repetition indicate reliability.
    • Validity confirms an experiment measures what it's intended to. Controlling extraneous variables ensures results reflect the independent variable's impact.
    • Example: To test temperature's effect on plant growth, maintain constant light and water levels to isolate temperature's influence.
    • Hypothesis: A testable prediction of experimental outcomes. Often uses the "if... then..." format.
      • Example: "If temperature increases, then the rate of photosynthesis in plants increases."
    • Independent Variable: The variable changed or manipulated in an experiment.
      • Example: Temperature in a plant growth experiment.
    • Dependent Variable: The variable measured in response to changes in the independent variable.
      • Example: Photosynthesis rate in a plant growth experiment.
    • Controlled Variables: Variables kept constant to confirm changes in the dependent variable result from the independent variable alone.
      • Example: Light levels, plant type, soil quality.

    Biodiversity and Classification - Ch 2

    • Genetic Diversity: Variation in genes within a species or population.
    • Species Diversity: The variety of species within a specific region or habitat.
    • Ecosystem Diversity: The variety of ecosystems within a geographical area.
      • Example: Forests, wetlands, deserts, and coral reefs in Australia represent different ecosystems.
    • Taxonomic Levels:
      • Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species
      • Example: The scientific name for humans is Homo sapiens, where Homo is the genus and sapiens is the species.
    • Binomial Nomenclature: The system of naming organisms using two parts: genus and species. (Genus species)
      • Example: Homo sapiens for humans; Panthera leo for lions.
    • Phylogenetic Trees/Cladograms: Diagrams illustrating evolutionary relationships between species.
      • Show evolutionary pathways from common ancestors.
      • Example: A cladogram may illustrate the shared ancestry of humans, apes, and monkeys.

    Chapter 3: Ecosystems and Interactions

    • Ecosystem: A community of living organisms (biotic factors) and their physical environment (abiotic factors) interacting within a specific area.
      • Examples: Rainforests, coral reefs, deserts, grasslands.
    • Biotic Factors: The living components of an ecosystem (e.g., plants, animals, bacteria).
    • Abiotic Factors: The non-living components of an ecosystem (e.g., water, sunlight, temperature, soil).
    • Ecological Niche: The role and position a species plays in its environment, including its interactions with biotic and abiotic factors.
      • Example: Bees pollinating flowers is part of their specific niche.
    • Food Chain: A linear pathway illustrating energy flow from one organism to another.
    • Food Web: A complex network of interconnected food chains, showing multiple feeding relationships within an ecosystem.
    • Trophic Levels: Levels within a food chain or web, representing different positions in energy transfer.
    • Energy Pyramid: A visualization of decreasing energy transfer with each trophic level.

    Chapter 4: Population Dynamics

    • Population: A group of individuals of the same species that live in a given area and interact.
    • Population Size: The number of individuals in a population.
    • Carrying Capacity: The maximum population size an environment can sustain, given available resources.

    Chapter 5: Ecosystem Change

    • Succession: The process of ecosystem development, with changes over time and in species compositions.
    • Primary Succession: Ecosystem development starting on bare rock, with no initial soil.
    • Secondary Succession: Ecosystem reconstruction in areas with existing soil, post-disturbance.
    • Sampling Methods: Techniques to estimate populations (e.g., quadrat sampling, mark-recapture).

    Chapter 6: Cells and Their Environment

    • Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment within an organism despite external changes.
      • Example: Regulating human body temperature.
    • Diffusion: Movement of particles from high to low concentration.
    • Osmosis: The movement of water across a membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
    • Solutions:
      • Hypertonic: Higher solute, water moves out of cells; cells shrink.
      • Hypotonic: Lower solute, water moves into cells; cells swell.
      • Isotonic: Equal solute, no net water movement; cells maintain shape.
    • Endocytosis: Process of taking large molecules into cells by engulfing them.
    • Exocytosis: Process of expelling large molecules from cells by merging vesicles with the membrane.

    Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration and Energy Transformation

    • ATP: The primary energy carrier in cells. ATP releases energy when its phosphate bonds break.
    • Cellular Respiration: A process cells use to produce ATP through breaking down glucose or other molecules.
      • Aerobic respiration: Requires oxygen, produces high amounts of ATP.
      • Anaerobic respiration: Does not require oxygen, produces less ATP and byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol.

    Chapter 8: Cells - Ch 8

    • Cell Organelles and Functions:
      • Nucleus: Control center, contains DNA.
      • Mitochondria: Generate ATP through cellular respiration.
      • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Modifies proteins or synthesizes lipids.
      • Golgi Apparatus: Processes or packages proteins for transport.
      • Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.

    Chapter 9: Membranes and Transport - Ch 9

    • Plasma Membrane Components and Function:
      • Phospholipid Bilayer: Barrier that regulates substance passage.
      • Proteins: Channel, carrier, and receptor proteins facilitate substance transport.
    • Passive Transport: Movement of substances across a membrane without energy use. (e.g., diffusion, osmosis).
    • Active Transport: Movement of substances against a concentration gradient, requiring energy (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).

    Chapter 10: Enzymes, Photosynthesis, and Respiration - Ch 10

    • Enzymes: Biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
    • Enzyme Function: Lock-and-key model: The active site fits the specific substrate (molecule it acts upon).
    • Induced Fit Model: The enzyme's active site changes shape to accommodate substrate.
    • Metabolism: Biochemical reactions within living organisms.
      • Catabolism: Breaking down complex molecules.
      • Anabolism: Building complex molecules.

    Chapter 11: Animal Systems - Ch 12

    • Circulatory Systems:
      • Single Circulatory System: Blood passes through the heart once during circulation (e.g., fish).
      • Double Circulatory System: Blood passes through the heart twice (e.g., mammals).
    • Open Circulatory System: Blood (hemolymph) bathes organs directly; pressure is low.
    • Closed Circulatory System: Blood travels through vessels; pressure is high.

    Chapter 13: Plant Systems - Ch 13

    • Vascular Plants:
      • Xylem: Transports water and minerals.
      • Phloem: Transports sugars.
    • Stomata and Guard Cells: Pores and surrounding cells regulating gas exchange and water loss.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of the scientific method, focusing on accuracy, reliability, and validity of experimental results. It also introduces key concepts such as hypothesis formulation, independent and dependent variables. Prepare to test your understanding of essential scientific principles.

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