Scientific Method & Branches of Science

Study Notes

Science is a systematic approach to understanding the natural world through observation, experimentation, and the formulation of testable hypotheses.
The scientific method involves several key steps:
- Observation: Noticing patterns or phenomena in the natural world.
- Question Formulation: Developing a specific question about the observed phenomenon.
- Hypothesis Formation: Proposing a testable explanation for the observed phenomenon.
- Prediction: Developing a specific prediction based on the hypothesis.
- Experimentation: Designing and conducting experiments to test the prediction.
- Data Analysis: Investigating the results of the experiment to determine if the hypotheses are supported.
- Conclusion: Consolidating the results and conclusions from the analysis.

Natural sciences are categorized into broad fields, encompassing physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and astronomy.
Physical sciences cover the non-living realm. These include physics, which studies matter and energy, and chemistry, which studies the interactions between atoms and molecules.
Life sciences investigate living organisms, including the processes of life, from the molecular to the ecosystem level. This includes biology, ecology, and others.
Earth sciences, encompassing geology and related fields, study the structure and processes of our planet.
These branches are closely interwoven and often inform and build upon each other.

A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on a vast body of evidence.
- Theories are supported and refined over time with evidence.
- Theories are not mere guesses or opinions.
A scientific law describes a consistently observed relationship in nature and is often expressed as a mathematical formula.
- Laws are concise descriptions of natural phenomena.

Scientists employ both inductive and deductive reasoning in their work.
Inductive reasoning involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations.
Deductive reasoning involves deriving specific predictions from general principles or laws.
- It involves logical inference from statements.
The process of science is iterative:
- Scientists often return to previous steps to refine their inquiry.
- Scientific knowledge is constantly revised and updated as new evidence emerges, in a cyclical process.

Publishing results in peer-reviewed journals is crucial for the advancement of scientific knowledge and is an essential part of the scientific process.
Peer review is a process where scientists scrutinize each other's work before publication to ensure rigor and validation.
Effective communication and collaboration are essential for the advancement of scientific knowledge.

Scientific research must adhere to ethical principles to protect human participants. Informed consent, protection from harm, and confidentiality are paramount.
Environmental considerations are becoming increasingly important in scientific research.
Scientists must be aware of the potential societal impact of their work and engage in responsible conduct.
The use of animals in scientific research must be conducted ethically and with strict guidelines to minimize suffering.