Science, Technology and Society

Science

• Science involves describing, understanding, and predicting physical phenomena.
• It employs verifiable theories, laws, and principles.
• Research and development are common activities in science.

Technology

• Technology utilizes scientific knowledge or empirical know-how.
• It is for the production, improvement, and distribution of goods and services.
• Technology also aims to satisfy other material needs.

Society

• A society is a group of people joined for a common purpose or interest.
• Members learn and perform expected behaviors.

Branches of Science

• Science can be categorized into social, abstract, and natural sciences.
• Natural sciences include physical and biological sciences.

Social Science

• Social Science studies societies and the relationships among individuals.
• It was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology

Demography

• Demography is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings.

History

• History involves the study of past events.

Psychology

• Psychology studies mind and behavior.
• It includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both conscious and unconscious phenomena.
• It also covers mental processes like thoughts, feelings, and motives.

Sociology

• Sociology studies people and their relationship with others in society.

Abstract Science

• Abstract science deals with abstract ideas.
• Abstract science employs mental faculties.

Computer Science

• Computer science is the study of mathematics and technology of computers.
• It also studies computer applications.

Computer Science vs. Information Technology

• Computer scientists design and develop software programs.
• IT specialists apply computer knowledge in businesses across all industries.

Geometry

• Geometry is a form of mathematics that deals with the deduction of properties.

Logic

• Logic is the science of correct and reliable reasoning.

Mathematics

• Mathematics is the study of numbers and measurements.

Philosophy

• Philosophy is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions.
• It concerns topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language.

Natural Science

• Natural science describes, understands, and predicts natural phenomena.
• It relies on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.

Physical Science

• Physical science studies the inorganic world.
• Physical science does not study living things.

Astronomy

• Astronomy deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole.

Chemistry

• Chemistry studies the properties of substances.
• It focuses on their changes and the natural laws that describe these changes.

Physics

• Physics studies matter and its motion.
• It relates to concepts such as energy and force.

Geography

• Geography studies the Earth's lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena.

Meteorology

• Meteorology studies the atmosphere and its phenomena.
• This includes weather and climate.

Mineralogy

• Mineralogy studies the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical properties of minerals.
• It especially focuses on the constituents of rocks.

Paleontology

• Paleontology classifies organisms based on fossils.
• It studies their interactions with each other and their environments.

Seismology

• Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes.
• It studies the generation and propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or other planetary bodies.

Volcanology

• Volcanology studies volcanoes.
• It involves eruptive phenomena.

Biological Science

• Biological science studies living things in a coherent and unifying way.
• Organisms are made of cells that process hereditary information encoded in genes.
• These traits are transmitted to future generations.

Biology

• Biology studies life, living matter in all its forms, and related phenomena.

Botany

• Botany studies plants.

Cytology

• Cytology is a branch of biology that studies cells.

Ecology

• Ecology studies the relationships between organisms and their environment.

Entomology

• Entomology studies insects.
• It studies the relationship between insects and humans, the environment, and other organisms.

Gerontology

• Gerontology deals with aging and the special problems of the aged population.

Ichthyology

• Ichthyology studies fishes.

Immunology

• Immunology studies immunity from disease.

Medicine

• Medicine focuses on diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease.

Microbiology

• Microbiology studies microscopic organisms.

Nutrition

• Nutrition studies the processes in growth, maintenance, and repair of living bodies.

Oceanography

• Oceanography studies the ocean.

Ophthalmology

• Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine focusing on the anatomy, functions, and diseases of the eyes.

Ornithology

• Ornithology focuses on the study of birds.
• Unique in high visibility and aesthetic qualities differentiate Ornithology from related sciences

Orthodontics

• Orthodontics prevents and corrects irregular dentition.

Orthopedics

• Orthopedics corrects or cures deformities and diseases of the skeletal system.

Pathology

• Pathology is the study of disease and injury in general,
• Pathology incorporates biology research fields and medical practices.

Pediatrics

• Pediatrics deals with the medical care and diseases of children.

Pharmacy

• Pharmacy dispenses of drugs.

Protozoology

• Protozoology studies one-celled animals.

Virology

• Virology is the scientific study of biological viruses.
• It focuses on their detection, structure, classification, evolution, infection methods, and exploitation.

Zoology

• Zoology is the scientific study of animals.
• It includes studies on their structure, embryology, classification, habits, distribution, and ecosystem interactions.